{"id":"https://openalex.org/W120202172","doi":null,"title":"Electro-Thermal Codesign in Liquid Cooled 3D ICs: Pushing the Power-Performance Limits","display_name":"Electro-Thermal Codesign in Liquid Cooled 3D ICs: Pushing the Power-Performance Limits","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W120202172","mag":"120202172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/14632","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/14632","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/d310071b-6852-4f41-b7b4-6415eb545087/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/d310071b-6852-4f41-b7b4-6415eb545087/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064598993","display_name":"Bing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-1736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-1736"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-1736","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064598993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-integrated-circuits","display_name":"3D integrated circuits","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-cooling","display_name":"liquid cooling","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microchannel-heat-sinks","display_name":"microchannel heat sinks","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/through-silicon-vias","display_name":"through-silicon vias","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-sizing","display_name":"gate sizing","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-thermal-management","display_name":"dynamic thermal management","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-density","display_name":"power density","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage-power","display_name":"leakage power","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-performance-trade-off","display_name":"power-performance tradeoff","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11026015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840551","display_name":"Computer cooling","level":3,"score":0.8775873184204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186937647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796959","display_name":"Heat sink","level":2,"score":0.6632505059242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59088047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229370","display_name":"Three-dimensional integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.6380449533462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91914117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056832","display_name":"Coolant","level":2,"score":0.5109304785728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.47870591282844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4734872281551361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.47231221199035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7694927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7667810","display_name":"Water cooling","level":2,"score":0.41758620738983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21881925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503313","display_name":"Power density","level":3,"score":0.4128105342388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41224682331085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.371093213558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3694157004356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36572012305259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.24474796652793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/14632","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/14632","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/d310071b-6852-4f41-b7b4-6415eb545087/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:120202172","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/14632/1/Shi_umd_0117E_14446.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/14632","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/14632","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/d310071b-6852-4f41-b7b4-6415eb545087/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W120202172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W120202172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10209969","https://openalex.org/W420789983","https://openalex.org/W1518236483","https://openalex.org/W1530621902","https://openalex.org/W1533614470","https://openalex.org/W1576895581","https://openalex.org/W1974013990","https://openalex.org/W1977545325","https://openalex.org/W1978056450","https://openalex.org/W1981524355","https://openalex.org/W1985482786","https://openalex.org/W1987293146","https://openalex.org/W1993700253","https://openalex.org/W2010084010","https://openalex.org/W2011975736","https://openalex.org/W2035224686","https://openalex.org/W2049463261","https://openalex.org/W2059417292","https://openalex.org/W2066750119","https://openalex.org/W2068253422","https://openalex.org/W2069943347","https://openalex.org/W2070179407","https://openalex.org/W2071208935","https://openalex.org/W2074551513","https://openalex.org/W2074684806","https://openalex.org/W2076863231","https://openalex.org/W2093185424","https://openalex.org/W2100235252","https://openalex.org/W2101562000","https://openalex.org/W2103652526","https://openalex.org/W2104428280","https://openalex.org/W2105414986","https://openalex.org/W2106778083","https://openalex.org/W2109551271","https://openalex.org/W2110444864","https://openalex.org/W2112852530","https://openalex.org/W2113549395","https://openalex.org/W2114727053","https://openalex.org/W2117236903","https://openalex.org/W2117463211","https://openalex.org/W2118542516","https://openalex.org/W2118955652","https://openalex.org/W2123158014","https://openalex.org/W2125308574","https://openalex.org/W2126084661","https://openalex.org/W2126249528","https://openalex.org/W2130025268","https://openalex.org/W2130517400","https://openalex.org/W2131031792","https://openalex.org/W2135594061","https://openalex.org/W2137001807","https://openalex.org/W2137500257","https://openalex.org/W2141923369","https://openalex.org/W2143486258","https://openalex.org/W2146638334","https://openalex.org/W2147485176","https://openalex.org/W2149043897","https://openalex.org/W2156239884","https://openalex.org/W2161505316","https://openalex.org/W2165812496","https://openalex.org/W2171969605","https://openalex.org/W2186031646","https://openalex.org/W2326297980","https://openalex.org/W2333454565","https://openalex.org/W2541504714","https://openalex.org/W2546770439","https://openalex.org/W2922163049","https://openalex.org/W4230375614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2290450300","https://openalex.org/W2031950424","https://openalex.org/W2396347320","https://openalex.org/W1989141387","https://openalex.org/W2611354506","https://openalex.org/W2146638334","https://openalex.org/W2152146628","https://openalex.org/W2488612327","https://openalex.org/W2481105361","https://openalex.org/W2060062810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,43,89,373],"performance":[1],"improvement":[2,85,384],"of":[3,23,69,124,318],"today's":[4],"computer":[5],"systems":[6],"is":[7,137,169,335],"usually":[8],"accompanied":[9],"by":[10,160],"increased":[11,70],"chip":[12,71,87,126,279],"power":[13,25,30,38,55,72,75,158,228,252,408,423],"consumption":[14],"and":[15,28,62,76,127,214,300,315,362,366,369,394,402,416],"system":[16,77],"temperature.":[17],"Modern":[18],"CPUs":[19],"dissipate":[20],"an":[21,138],"average":[22],"70-100W":[24],"while":[26,230],"spatial":[27],"temporal":[29],"variations":[31],"result":[32,338],"in":[33,53,86,339],"hotspots":[34],"with":[35,184,225,236,255,303],"even":[36],"higher":[37],"density":[39],"(up":[40],"to":[41,48,58,99,131,152,163,223,249,343],"300W/cm^2).":[42],"coming":[44],"years":[45],"will":[46,337],"continue":[47],"witness":[49],"a":[50,268,381],"significant":[51],"increase":[52],"CPU":[54],"dissipation":[56],"due":[57],"advanced":[59],"multi-core":[60],"architectures":[61],"3D":[63],"integration":[64],"technologies.":[65],"Nowadays":[66],"the":[67,125,135,146,154,161,165,172,200,232,237,256,278,283,297,304,311,323,329,378,386,392,399,411,421],"problems":[68,357],"density,":[73],"leakage":[74],"temperatures":[78],"have":[79],"become":[80],"major":[81],"obstacles":[82],"for":[83,102,143,353],"further":[84],"performance.":[88],"conventional":[90,324,387],"air":[91],"cooling":[92,110,141,148,151,210,216,222,227,251,270,292,314,330,371,395,404],"based":[93,271],"heat":[94,119,133],"sink":[95],"has":[96],"been":[97],"proved":[98],"be":[100],"insufficient":[101],"three":[103,205],"dimensional":[104],"integrated":[105],"circuits":[106],"(3D-ICs).":[107],"Hence":[108,322],"better":[109],"solutions":[111],"are":[112,294,320,358],"necessary.":[113],"Micro-fluidic":[114],"cooling,":[115],"which":[116,390],"integrates":[117],"micro-channel":[118,179,196,206,213,363],"sinks":[120],"into":[121],"silicon":[122],"substrates":[123],"uses":[128],"liquid":[129],"flow":[130,285,326,389],"remove":[132],"inside":[134],"chip,":[136],"effective":[139],"active":[140],"scheme":[142],"3D-ICs.":[144,354],"While":[145],"micro-fluidic":[147,269],"provides":[149],"excellent":[150],"3D-ICs,":[153],"associated":[155],"overhead":[156],"(cooling":[157],"consumed":[159],"pump":[162],"inject":[164],"coolant":[166],"through":[167,281,289],"micro-channels)":[168],"significant.":[170],"Moreover,":[171],"3D-IC":[173,224,319],"structure":[174,240],"also":[175],"imposes":[176],"constraints":[177],"on":[178,262],"locations":[180],"(basically":[181],"resource":[182],"conflict":[183],"through-silicon-vias":[185],"TSVs":[186],"or":[187],"other":[188],"structures).":[189],"In":[190,341],"this":[191,345],"work,":[192],"we":[193,265,347],"investigate":[194,349],"optimized":[195,209],"configurations":[197,245,293],"that":[198,218,276,327,377],"address":[199],"aforementioned":[201],"considerations.":[202],"We":[203],"develop":[204,267],"structures":[207],"(hotspot":[208],"configuration,":[211],"bended":[212],"hybrid":[215],"network)":[217],"can":[219,246],"provide":[220],"sufficient":[221],"minimum":[226],"overhead,":[229],"at":[231],"same":[233,412,422],"time,":[234],"compatible":[235,302],"existing":[238],"electrical":[239,298,333,393],"such":[241],"as":[242],"TSVs.":[243],"These":[244,291],"achieve":[247],"up":[248],"70%":[250],"savings":[253,409],"compared":[254],"configuration":[257,331],"without":[258],"any":[259],"optimization.":[260],"Based":[261],"these":[263],"configurations,":[264],"then":[266,348],"dynamic":[272],"thermal":[273],"management":[274],"approach":[275],"maintains":[277],"temperature":[280],"controlling":[282],"fluid":[284],"rate":[286],"(pressure":[287],"drop)":[288],"micro-channels.":[290],"designed":[295],"after":[296,332],"parts,":[299],"therefore,":[301],"current":[305],"standard":[306],"IC":[307],"design":[308,325,388],"flow.":[309],"Furthermore,":[310],"electrical,":[312],"thermal,":[313],"mechanical":[316],"aspects":[317],"interdependent.":[321],"designs":[328],"aspect":[334],"finished":[336],"inefficiencies.":[340],"order":[342],"overcome":[344],"problem,":[346],"electrical-thermal":[350],"co-design":[351,356,379,405],"methodology":[352],"Two":[355],"explored:":[359],"TSV":[360],"assignment":[361],"placement":[364],"co-design,":[365],"gate":[367,400],"sizing":[368,401],"fluidic":[370,403],"co-design.":[372],"experimental":[374],"results":[375],"show":[376],"enables":[380],"fundamental":[382],"power-performance":[383],"over":[385],"separates":[391],"design.":[396],"For":[397],"example,":[398],"achieves":[406],"12%":[407],"under":[410,420],"circuit":[413,418],"timing":[414],"constraint":[415],"16%":[417],"speedup":[419],"budget.":[424]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
