{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1153740479","doi":null,"title":"To Hurt the Pain: An Ethical Criticism of Nathanael West","display_name":"To Hurt the Pain: An Ethical Criticism of Nathanael West","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1153740479","mag":"1153740479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/6928","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6928","pdf_url":"https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstreams/56718b84-6bea-464a-88a6-03219d809f13/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstreams/56718b84-6bea-464a-88a6-03219d809f13/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064900601","display_name":"Stefanie Stiles","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie Stiles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064900601"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14092","display_name":"Ethics, Aesthetics, and Art","score":0.4368000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14092","display_name":"Ethics, Aesthetics, and Art","score":0.4368000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13174","display_name":"American and British Literature Analysis","score":0.210099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14494","display_name":"American Literature and Culture","score":0.13609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nathanael-west","display_name":"Nathanael West","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-criticism","display_name":"ethical criticism","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-satire","display_name":"moral satire","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implied-author","display_name":"implied author","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-suffering","display_name":"human suffering","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"empathy","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidarity","display_name":"solidarity","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compassion","display_name":"compassion","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misanthropy","display_name":"misanthropy","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-fiction","display_name":"American fiction","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-day-of-the-locust","display_name":"The Day of the Locust","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miss-lonelyhearts","display_name":"Miss Lonelyhearts","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1930s-american-culture","display_name":"1930s American culture","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature-and-ethics","display_name":"ethics in literature","score":0.47699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.7218230366706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3663340210914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.36566591262817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3377617597579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.2856997847557068}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/6928","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6928","pdf_url":"https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstreams/56718b84-6bea-464a-88a6-03219d809f13/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},{"id":"mag:1153740479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/10012/6928/1/Stiles_Stefanie.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/6928","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6928","pdf_url":"https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstreams/56718b84-6bea-464a-88a6-03219d809f13/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314997","display_name":"Strong","ror":"https://ror.org/041vyzr56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1153740479.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1153740479.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":186,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549033","https://openalex.org/W74004448","https://openalex.org/W105747838","https://openalex.org/W145020209","https://openalex.org/W174122283","https://openalex.org/W255110592","https://openalex.org/W273641642","https://openalex.org/W309368810","https://openalex.org/W370920576","https://openalex.org/W397682760","https://openalex.org/W561197201","https://openalex.org/W562019071","https://openalex.org/W562097356","https://openalex.org/W565662459","https://openalex.org/W567260907","https://openalex.org/W567665878","https://openalex.org/W580702421","https://openalex.org/W581899576","https://openalex.org/W584764449","https://openalex.org/W600281710","https://openalex.org/W604738825","https://openalex.org/W606978789","https://openalex.org/W608094230","https://openalex.org/W609173856","https://openalex.org/W611055471","https://openalex.org/W615410869","https://openalex.org/W619716678","https://openalex.org/W619944931","https://openalex.org/W627159737","https://openalex.org/W633534864","https://openalex.org/W637527675","https://openalex.org/W642253666","https://openalex.org/W648736747","https://openalex.org/W651092960","https://openalex.org/W652547210","https://openalex.org/W1479731924","https://openalex.org/W1484110983","https://openalex.org/W1484464315","https://openalex.org/W1489059717","https://openalex.org/W1496181563","https://openalex.org/W1499113200","https://openalex.org/W1500188533","https://openalex.org/W1503390014","https://openalex.org/W1506473258","https://openalex.org/W1507844429","https://openalex.org/W1508924235","https://openalex.org/W1513090274","https://openalex.org/W1521155923","https://openalex.org/W1521777280","https://openalex.org/W1523306544","https://openalex.org/W1528794465","https://openalex.org/W1532659228","https://openalex.org/W1534147501","https://openalex.org/W1535630206","https://openalex.org/W1535661197","https://openalex.org/W1535916160","https://openalex.org/W1536611808","https://openalex.org/W1540844432","https://openalex.org/W1544268886","https://openalex.org/W1544273816","https://openalex.org/W1546827365","https://openalex.org/W1563775922","https://openalex.org/W1577185172","https://openalex.org/W1577962435","https://openalex.org/W1586990511","https://openalex.org/W1593195154","https://openalex.org/W1593992044","https://openalex.org/W1597421816","https://openalex.org/W1604117468","https://openalex.org/W1607602706","https://openalex.org/W1667875504","https://openalex.org/W1694513413","https://openalex.org/W1757790190","https://openalex.org/W1844842999","https://openalex.org/W1883634079","https://openalex.org/W1888253414","https://openalex.org/W1965730819","https://openalex.org/W1971831221","https://openalex.org/W1972108338","https://openalex.org/W1973676722","https://openalex.org/W1978449860","https://openalex.org/W1978571854","https://openalex.org/W1980643298","https://openalex.org/W1981154947","https://openalex.org/W1981219258","https://openalex.org/W1984645963","https://openalex.org/W1986293481","https://openalex.org/W1987930784","https://openalex.org/W1989760171","https://openalex.org/W1990571610","https://openalex.org/W1990859186","https://openalex.org/W1991383443","https://openalex.org/W1994613445","https://openalex.org/W1996359216","https://openalex.org/W2000440620","https://openalex.org/W2008417537","https://openalex.org/W2008745000","https://openalex.org/W2009483707","https://openalex.org/W2009963402","https://openalex.org/W2010973403","https://openalex.org/W2011265136","https://openalex.org/W2013309016","https://openalex.org/W2013622660","https://openalex.org/W2017806519","https://openalex.org/W2017894515","https://openalex.org/W2018103676","https://openalex.org/W2024930351","https://openalex.org/W2026431249","https://openalex.org/W2028213261","https://openalex.org/W2031853666","https://openalex.org/W2037873527","https://openalex.org/W2037903570","https://openalex.org/W2041187990","https://openalex.org/W2041506921","https://openalex.org/W2041614970","https://openalex.org/W2042137662","https://openalex.org/W2042583778","https://openalex.org/W2044950274","https://openalex.org/W2045181732","https://openalex.org/W2046798653","https://openalex.org/W2046921699","https://openalex.org/W2047401270","https://openalex.org/W2048053255","https://openalex.org/W2049595490","https://openalex.org/W2052266910","https://openalex.org/W2068074643","https://openalex.org/W2072702937","https://openalex.org/W2075852382","https://openalex.org/W2078063601","https://openalex.org/W2078486085","https://openalex.org/W2079070995","https://openalex.org/W2079487210","https://openalex.org/W2079639441","https://openalex.org/W2081912662","https://openalex.org/W2086181048","https://openalex.org/W2088155153","https://openalex.org/W2094524800","https://openalex.org/W2114540095","https://openalex.org/W2115492535","https://openalex.org/W2117227319","https://openalex.org/W2131366511","https://openalex.org/W2140434892","https://openalex.org/W2142739737","https://openalex.org/W2143055007","https://openalex.org/W2150576713","https://openalex.org/W2156082128","https://openalex.org/W2156173282","https://openalex.org/W2171435748","https://openalex.org/W2274884265","https://openalex.org/W2312945881","https://openalex.org/W2313128275","https://openalex.org/W2313642286","https://openalex.org/W2322240868","https://openalex.org/W2327368940","https://openalex.org/W2328874344","https://openalex.org/W2330775273","https://openalex.org/W2477309443","https://openalex.org/W2488411759","https://openalex.org/W2497752351","https://openalex.org/W2499967369","https://openalex.org/W2523895278","https://openalex.org/W2578098527","https://openalex.org/W2588399636","https://openalex.org/W2773969979","https://openalex.org/W2789209057","https://openalex.org/W2794185089","https://openalex.org/W2795424115","https://openalex.org/W2795479521","https://openalex.org/W2795677443","https://openalex.org/W2797412899","https://openalex.org/W2797929420","https://openalex.org/W2799009189","https://openalex.org/W2799621804","https://openalex.org/W2889439938","https://openalex.org/W2901771306","https://openalex.org/W2908386966","https://openalex.org/W2913346734","https://openalex.org/W2942678416","https://openalex.org/W2969725157","https://openalex.org/W2979281085","https://openalex.org/W2999029832","https://openalex.org/W3086240334","https://openalex.org/W3108524584","https://openalex.org/W3148689227","https://openalex.org/W4233345452","https://openalex.org/W4399229535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249372160","https://openalex.org/W2149112712","https://openalex.org/W4386285410","https://openalex.org/W3039579197","https://openalex.org/W6926070797","https://openalex.org/W305159208","https://openalex.org/W2106484709","https://openalex.org/W4236284476","https://openalex.org/W4416313162","https://openalex.org/W4414992914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nathanael":[0],"West":[1,31,63,221],"is":[2,108],"typically":[3],"considered":[4],"to":[5,68,84,187,240],"be":[6,188],"a":[7,82,116,216,258],"\u201cmajor":[8],"minor\u201d":[9],"American":[10,39],"writer":[11],"of":[12,27,41,54,71,81,89,111,130,140,147,199,204,220,227,235,268,286,290],"the":[13,28,42,69,85,114,128,138,144,156,161,197,222,242,283,287],"late":[14],"modernist":[15],"period.":[16],"Best":[17],"known":[18],"today":[19],"for":[20],"Miss":[21],"Lonelyhearts":[22],"(1933)":[23],"and":[24,74,119,133,142,152,160,168,177,210,263,270,298],"The":[25,182,276],"Day":[26],"Locust":[29],"(1939),":[30],"wrote":[32],"four":[33],"dark":[34],"novellas":[35],"that":[36,244],"excoriated":[37],"mainstream":[38],"culture":[40],"1930s.":[43],"Earlier":[44],"critics":[45,60],"viewed":[46],"his":[47,232,250],"writing":[48],"mainly":[49],"as":[50,64,97,125,171,229],"an":[51,65],"existentialist":[52],"exploration":[53],"universal":[55,291],"human":[56,292],"suffering;":[57],"more":[58],"recently,":[59],"have":[61],"claimed":[62],"avant-garde":[66],"devoted":[67],"criticism":[70,122,185],"Depression-era":[72],"capitalism":[73],"consumer":[75],"society.":[76],"This":[77],"thesis":[78],"represents":[79],"something":[80],"return":[83],"earlier,":[86],"humanist":[87],"study":[88],"West\u2019s":[90,301],"fiction,":[91],"which":[92,294],"he":[93],"himself":[94],"regarded":[95],"primarily":[96],"moral":[98,166],"satire.":[99],"What":[100],"differentiates":[101],"this":[102,200,213],"project":[103],"from":[104],"earlier":[105],"studies,":[106],"however,":[107],"its":[109],"style":[110],"criticism.":[112],"Since":[113],"1980s,":[115],"new":[117,183,217],"revitalized":[118],"reoriented":[120],"ethical":[121,184,205],"has":[123,245],"emerged,":[124],"evidenced":[126],"by":[127,174,196],"proliferation":[129],"scholarly":[131],"works":[132,251],"journal":[134],"special":[135],"issues":[136],"on":[137],"topic":[139],"literature":[141],"ethics,":[143,228],"growing":[145],"number":[146],"readers":[148],"like":[149],"Todd":[150],"Davis":[151],"Kenneth":[153],"Womack\u2019s":[154],"Mapping":[155],"Ethical":[157],"Turn":[158],"(2001),":[159],"general":[162],"trend":[163],"toward":[164],"linking":[165],"philosophy":[167],"literary":[169],"criticism,":[170],"carried":[172],"out":[173],"Martha":[175],"Nussbaum":[176],"Richard":[178],"Rorty,":[179],"among":[180],"others.":[181],"tends":[186],"descriptive,":[189],"rather":[190],"than":[191],"prescriptive.":[192],"Using":[193],"approaches":[194],"inspired":[195],"scholarship":[198],"late-twentieth":[201],"century":[202],"wave":[203],"critics,":[206],"including":[207],"Wayne":[208],"Booth":[209],"Daniel":[211],"Schwarz,":[212],"dissertation":[214],"provides":[215],"critical":[218],"illumination":[219],"implied":[223],"author\u2019s":[224,288],"unique":[225],"system":[226],"dramatized":[230],"through":[231],"narrative":[233],"explorations":[234],"particular":[236],"lives.":[237],"It":[238],"attempts":[239],"answer":[241],"question":[243],"puzzled":[246],"Americanist":[247],"scholars":[248],"contemplating":[249],"since":[252],"their":[253],"initial":[254],"publication:":[255],"how":[256],"can":[257],"fictional":[259],"world":[260],"so":[261,273],"sordid":[262],"savage":[264],"still":[265],"evoke":[266],"feelings":[267],"compassion":[269],"humanity":[271],"in":[272,282],"many":[274],"readers?":[275],"answer,":[277],"I":[278],"will":[279],"argue,":[280],"lies":[281],"very":[284,302],"ferocity":[285],"depictions":[289],"suffering,":[293],"ultimately":[295],"inspire":[296],"empathy":[297],"solidarity":[299],"despite":[300],"real":[303],"misanthropy.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}