{"id":"https://openalex.org/W115349746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","title":"The Problem of Epistemology [1936]","display_name":"The Problem of Epistemology [1936]","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W115349746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","mag":"115349746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764493452","display_name":"Boston studies in the philosophy of science","issn_l":"0068-0346","issn":["0068-0346","2214-7942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2490232519","display_name":"Cognition and Fact"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019385104","display_name":"Ludwik Fleck","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ludwik Fleck","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019385104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94932432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"79","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.07890000194311142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"epistemology","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-mind","display_name":"human mind","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-spirit","display_name":"human spirit","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critique-of-idealism","display_name":"critique of idealism","score":0.4259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779259174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553104","display_name":"SOCRATES","level":2,"score":0.7927638292312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6618009805679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777487392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q481201","display_name":"Absolute (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6512792706489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780317896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703","display_name":"Epoch (astronomy)","level":3,"score":0.6462727189064026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.6263951063156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5454077124595642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5046013593673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12388944625854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09481820464134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764493452","display_name":"Boston studies in the philosophy of science","issn_l":"0068-0346","issn":["0068-0346","2214-7942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4699999988079071}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000734578","https://openalex.org/W2584471038","https://openalex.org/W4414176169","https://openalex.org/W4387354683","https://openalex.org/W4245463086","https://openalex.org/W2077123206","https://openalex.org/W4239147107","https://openalex.org/W2393725074","https://openalex.org/W7166742259","https://openalex.org/W4254451886"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}