{"id":"https://openalex.org/W114843461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","title":"Training wheels in a user interface","display_name":"Training wheels in a user interface","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W114843461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","mag":"114843461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/358198.358218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/358198.358218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/358198.358218","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054610664","display_name":"John M. Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-337X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-337X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John M. Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012063607","display_name":"Caroline Carrithers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Carrithers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Univ., New York, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Univ., New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6053,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":345,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9874477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"8","first_page":"800","last_page":"806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"user interface design","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novice-users","display_name":"novice users","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-learning","display_name":"user learning","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-states","display_name":"error states","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-processors","display_name":"word processing software","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-understanding","display_name":"user understanding","score":0.3440000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6136243939399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5635311603546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4870143532752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39061546325683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36207157373428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.3250429332256317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21016985177993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1549731194972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1061926782131195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/358198.358218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/358198.358218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:114843461","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=98326.98412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464677","display_name":"Ablex Publishing Corp. eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ablex Publishing Corp. eBooks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/358198.358218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/358198.358218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/358198.358218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W114843461.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W114843461.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070458494","https://openalex.org/W2167919560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2553709183","https://openalex.org/W4256316965","https://openalex.org/W2070458494","https://openalex.org/W2101341990","https://openalex.org/W4401854966","https://openalex.org/W220937578","https://openalex.org/W2737336230","https://openalex.org/W2110880584","https://openalex.org/W754776849","https://openalex.org/W2035714640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"New":[0],"users":[1],"of":[2,20,44,57,84],"high-function":[3],"application":[4],"systems":[5],"can":[6],"become":[7],"frustrated":[8],"and":[9,35,70,108],"confused":[10],"by":[11],"the":[12,17,42,54,58,89,93],"errors":[13],"they":[14],"make":[15,33],"in":[16,117],"early":[18],"stages":[19],"learning.":[21],"A":[22,77],"training":[23,51,94,103],"interface":[24,95],"for":[25],"a":[26,50,74,82,118],"commercial":[27],"word":[28],"processor":[29],"was":[30],"designed":[31],"to":[32],"typical":[34],"troublesome":[36],"error":[37,90],"states":[38,91],"\u201cunreachable,\u201d":[39],"thus":[40],"eliminating":[41],"sources":[43],"some":[45],"new-user":[46],"learning":[47,64,68],"problems.":[48],"Creating":[49],"environment":[52],"from":[53,88],"basic":[55],"function":[56,113],"system":[59],"itself":[60],"afforded":[61],"substantially":[62],"faster":[63],"coupled":[65],"with":[66],"better":[67,71],"achievement":[69],"performance":[72],"on":[73,100,111],"comprehension":[75],"post-test.":[76],"control":[78],"group":[79],"spent":[80],"almost":[81],"quarter":[83],"their":[85],"time":[86],"recovering":[87],"that":[92],"blocked":[96],"off.":[97],"We":[98],"speculate":[99],"how":[101,112],"this":[102],"strategy":[104],"might":[105],"be":[106,115],"refined,":[107],"more":[109],"generally,":[110],"should":[114],"organized":[116],"user":[119],"interface.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
