{"id":"https://openalex.org/W114474680","doi":null,"title":"The Performance Impact of Interlocking Directorates: The Case of Singapore","display_name":"The Performance Impact of Interlocking Directorates: The Case of Singapore","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W114474680","mag":"114474680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:114474680","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850994","display_name":"Journal of managerial issues","issn_l":"1045-3695","issn":["1045-3695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316206","host_organization_name":"Pittsburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pittsburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of managerial issues","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009681038","display_name":"Phillip Phan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-1604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-1604"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip Phan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-1604","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071824385","display_name":"Soo\u2010Hoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-4058","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-4058"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soo\u2010Hoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-4058","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003080212","display_name":"Siang Chi Lau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siang Chi Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03565484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"338","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14140","display_name":"Elite Sociology and Global Capitalism","score":0.04149999842047691,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-interlocks","display_name":"interlocking directorates","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-performance","display_name":"firm performance","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-markets","display_name":"emerging markets","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singapore","display_name":"Singapore","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-control","display_name":"family control","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-equity","display_name":"private equity","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-ownership","display_name":"state ownership","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance-reform","display_name":"corporate governance reform","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-rights","display_name":"property rights","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-crises","display_name":"financial crisis","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.7569884061813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.650655210018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71110296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476115","display_name":"Private equity","level":2,"score":0.5255084037780762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4751462936401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45293596386909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.43866685032844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.4360154867172241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778300220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114380","display_name":"Financial crisis","level":2,"score":0.42543482780456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4209865927696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143910263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458","display_name":"Capital market","level":2,"score":0.41386228799819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3733678460121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1388719081878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12802255153656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1267547607421875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:114474680","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850994","display_name":"Journal of managerial issues","issn_l":"1045-3695","issn":["1045-3695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316206","host_organization_name":"Pittsburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pittsburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of managerial issues","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88930684","https://openalex.org/W319724854","https://openalex.org/W1545288154","https://openalex.org/W1969532234","https://openalex.org/W1974928497","https://openalex.org/W1980414430","https://openalex.org/W1990300627","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1994484839","https://openalex.org/W2002628276","https://openalex.org/W2034261825","https://openalex.org/W2079360357","https://openalex.org/W2082840749","https://openalex.org/W2098392075","https://openalex.org/W2124371114","https://openalex.org/W2127893355","https://openalex.org/W2329888180","https://openalex.org/W3021889044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016155789","https://openalex.org/W2217210968","https://openalex.org/W2327732305","https://openalex.org/W1552204022","https://openalex.org/W2080425478","https://openalex.org/W7097054672","https://openalex.org/W6903742204","https://openalex.org/W7000254547","https://openalex.org/W2906684827","https://openalex.org/W7099301468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103,301,502],"board":[1,217,244,257,295,379,400,444,500],"of":[2,9,61,69,85,97,105,115,169,174,182,188,218,220,245,258,271,296,303,319,326,335,345,361,367,378,399,408,423,429,443,458,461,483,498,504,512,523,533,568,587],"directors":[3,219,344,513,563,569],"has":[4],"increasingly":[5],"become":[6],"the":[7,20,26,32,38,45,59,66,83,113,167,186,194,216,243,256,259,274,294,317,324,331,368,376,395,406,412,424,430,455,459,479,495,518,521,531,534,539,584],"focus":[8],"corporate":[10,62,98],"governance":[11,63,99],"research":[12,409],"and":[13,44,65,81,107,132,162,193,286,305,321,381,426,469,481,490,542,559,562,572,577,591],"policy":[14],"making":[15],"in":[16,24,30,36,42,49,72,100,154,172,196,387,517,570,594],"emerging":[17,73,101,197,389],"economies":[18,74,146],"following":[19],"Mexican":[21],"Peso":[22,47],"crisis":[23,29,41],"1990,":[25],"Asian":[27,390],"economic":[28,160],"1997,":[31],"Russian":[33],"Ruble":[34],"collapse":[35,48],"1998,":[37,43],"Brazilian":[39],"Real":[40],"Argentine":[46],"2002,":[50],"among":[51],"other":[52],"financial":[53,575],"crises.":[54],"Observers":[55],"have":[56,307],"noted":[57],"that":[58,447],"lack":[60,104],"standards":[64],"weak":[67],"enforcement":[68],"existing":[70,359],"laws":[71],"are":[75,93,147,364,402],"partly":[76],"responsible":[77],"for":[78,82,126,414,438,450],"such":[79],"crises":[80],"inability":[84],"companies":[86,291,302,318,347],"to":[87,158,374,384,538],"recover":[88],"from":[89,130,211,237,251,288,493],"them.":[90],"At":[91],"issue":[92],"some":[94],"unique":[95],"features":[96,184],"economies.":[102,198],"dear":[106],"strongly":[108],"enforced":[109],"property":[110],"rights":[111],"attenuate":[112],"depth":[114],"public":[116,178,573],"capital":[117,171],"markets,":[118],"forcing":[119],"many":[120],"firms":[121],"into":[122],"private":[123,155,170,571],"equity":[124,129],"arrangements":[125],"financing.":[127,179],"Private":[128],"friends":[131],"family,":[133],"coupled":[134],"with":[135,316,486,556],"family":[136],"control,":[137],"engender":[138],"opaque":[139],"boardroom":[140,519],"practices":[141],"between":[142,191,276],"related":[143],"companies.":[144,278],"Emerging":[145],"also":[148,263,280],"characterized":[149],"by":[150,405,420,465,478,529,583],"extensive":[151],"governmental":[152],"involvement":[153],"enterprises,":[156],"ostensibly":[157],"encourage":[159],"development":[161,407],"risk-taking,":[163],"but":[164],"instead":[165],"discourage":[166],"accumulation":[168],"favor":[173],"de":[175],"facto":[176],"taxed-based":[177],"One":[180,441],"result":[181,503],"these":[183],"is":[185,267,314,356,417,476,508],"pervasiveness":[187],"interlocking":[189,205,362],"directorates":[190,363],"corporations":[192],"government":[195,578],"In":[199,394],"its":[200,466],"most":[201,332],"basic":[202],"form,":[203],"an":[204,226,235,249,308,388,509,565],"directorate":[206],"occurs":[207,233,338],"when":[208,234,248,265,282,339],"a":[209,238,268,297,421,427,462,546],"person":[210],"one":[212],"organization":[213,240,253],"sits":[214,241,254],"on":[215,242,255,273,293,350],"another":[221,246,252],"company":[222,312],"(Mizruchi,":[223],"1996).":[224],"Hence,":[225],"interlock":[227,310,336],"may":[228],"take":[229],"several":[230],"forms.":[231],"It":[232],"individual":[236,250,535,590],"focal":[239,260],"or":[247],"company.":[261],"Interlocks":[262],"occur":[264,281],"there":[266],"simultaneous":[269],"exchange":[270],"individuals":[272],"boards":[275],"two":[277,283,289,346],"They":[279],"individuals,":[284],"A":[285,304,320],"B,":[287],"different":[290],"sit":[292],"third":[298],"company,":[299],"X.":[300],"B":[306],"indirect":[309],"while":[311],"X":[313],"interlocked":[315],"B.":[322],"For":[323,551],"purposes":[325],"this":[327,371,415,505],"study,":[328],"we":[329],"chose":[330],"stringent":[333],"definition":[334],"which":[337],"current":[340],"senior":[341],"managers":[342],"and/or":[343],"simultaneously":[348],"serve":[349,520],"each":[351],"others'":[352],"boards.":[353],"Since":[354],"it":[355],"unclear":[357],"if":[358],"theories":[360,398],"generalizable":[365],"outside":[366],"non-Anglo-American":[369],"context,":[370],"study":[372,416],"seeks":[373],"understand":[375],"phenomenon":[377],"interlocks":[380,401,445],"their":[382,589],"relationship":[383],"firm":[385],"performance":[386],"economy,":[391],"namely":[392],"Singapore.":[393],"next":[396],"section,":[397],"reviewed,":[403],"followed":[404,419],"hypotheses.":[410],"Next,":[411],"methodology":[413],"described,":[418],"presentation":[422],"results":[425],"discussion":[428],"implications.":[431],"THEORIES":[432],"OF":[433],"INTERLOCKING":[434],"DIRECTORATES":[435],"Interlocking":[436],"Directorates":[437],"Class":[439],"Integration":[440],"theory":[442],"proposes":[446],"they":[448],"exist":[449],"class":[506],"integration,":[452],"defined":[453],"as":[454],"mutual":[456],"protection":[457],"interests":[460],"social":[463],"members":[467],"(Koenig":[468,541],"Gogel,":[470,543],"1981;":[471,544],"Useem,":[472,549],"1982).":[473,550],"This":[474],"process":[475],"driven":[477],"identification":[480],"appointment":[482],"director":[484],"candidates":[485],"similar":[487],"backgrounds,":[488],"characteristics,":[489],"political":[491],"beliefs":[492],"within":[494],"personal":[496],"networks":[497],"incumbent":[499],"members.":[501],"hegemony":[507],"elite":[510,566],"whose":[514],"primary":[515],"interactions":[516],"purpose":[522],"protecting":[524],"welfare":[526,532],"(1)":[527],"and,":[528],"extension,":[530],"who":[536],"belongs":[537],"Koenig":[545],"al,":[547],"1979;":[548],"example,":[552],"Useem's":[553],"(1982)":[554],"interviews":[555],"1,307":[557],"U.S.":[558],"British":[560],"executives":[561],"uncovered":[564],"network":[567],"corporations,":[574],"institutions,":[576],"agencies,":[579],"loosely":[580],"held":[581],"together":[582],"common":[585],"goal":[586],"preserving":[588],"collective":[592],"positions":[593],"society.":[595],"\u2026":[596]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
