{"id":"https://openalex.org/W113803474","doi":null,"title":"The effect of probiotics on the incidence, duration and severity of illness in elite rugby players","display_name":"The effect of probiotics on the incidence, duration and severity of illness in elite rugby players","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W113803474","mag":"113803474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ourarchive.otago.ac.nz:10523/3833","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052643885","display_name":"Brylee A Haywood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brylee A Haywood","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052643885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11585","display_name":"Exercise and Physiological Responses","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13770","display_name":"Pediatric health and respiratory diseases","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotics","display_name":"probiotics","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-respiratory-tract-infection","display_name":"upper respiratory tract infection","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rugby-players","display_name":"rugby players","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-athletes","display_name":"elite athletes","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-symptoms","display_name":"gastrointestinal symptoms","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactobacillus-gasseri","display_name":"Lactobacillus gasseri","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bifidobacterium-bifidum","display_name":"Bifidobacterium bifidum","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bifidobacterium-longum","display_name":"Bifidobacterium longum","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-function","display_name":"immune function","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-supplementation","display_name":"dietary supplementation","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-sport-athletes","display_name":"team sport athletes","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.742037832736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6821224689483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5058474540710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.48585245013237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4228646457195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.39138051867485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0861336886882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.06276831030845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.05752095580101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ourarchive.otago.ac.nz:10523/3833","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:113803474","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/3833","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090165327","https://openalex.org/W3124420833","https://openalex.org/W2931452593","https://openalex.org/W4295747753","https://openalex.org/W2114489487","https://openalex.org/W3127106430","https://openalex.org/W4213058979","https://openalex.org/W7222027506","https://openalex.org/W2149456845","https://openalex.org/W2104181007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Athletes":[1],"partaking":[2],"in":[3,23,105,119,193,282,373,413,418],"prolonged":[4],"intense":[5],"exercise,":[6],"particularly":[7],"elite":[8,157,190],"athletes":[9],"may":[10,96,437],"have":[11,52,77,93],"higher":[12],"susceptibility":[13],"of":[14,47,84,91,103,117,127,136,146,185,241,261,271,287,310,324,347,375,432,448],"upper":[15,147],"respiratory":[16,148],"tract":[17,149],"infections":[18,150],"(URTI),":[19,151],"than":[20],"individuals":[21],"participating":[22],"moderate":[24],"or":[25,291],"no":[26,370],"exercise.":[27],"Illness":[28],"can":[29],"negatively":[30],"impact":[31],"on":[32,59,63,140,312,330,355,393,401],"training":[33,163],"and":[34,76,86,101,144,152,164,181,198,210,235,238,396,416],"performance;":[35],"therefore":[36],"it":[37],"is":[38,111],"important":[39],"to":[40,43,55,80,132,201,294,317,360],"investigate":[41],"ways":[42],"attenuate":[44],"the":[45,64,68,73,98,106,115,134,141,202,239,244,295,313,318,331,342,356,361,378,394,402,430],"risk":[46],"infection.":[48],"Numerous":[49],"health":[50],"claims":[51],"been":[53,78],"associated":[54,408],"probiotics,":[56],"most":[57],"focusing":[58],"their":[60],"beneficial":[61],"effects":[62,135],"immune":[65],"system,":[66],"and/or":[67],"gastrointestinal":[69,153],"tract.":[70],"Probiotics":[71,137],"modify":[72],"gut":[74],"microbiota":[75],"shown":[79],"increase":[81],"some":[82],"aspects":[83],"mucosal":[85],"systemic":[87],"immunity.":[88],"A":[89,183],"number":[90],"studies":[92],"indicated":[94],"probiotics":[95,118,178,436],"reduce":[97],"number,":[99],"duration":[100,145,323,344,417],"severity":[102,143,240,374,383,431],"illness":[104,311,348,414,433],"general":[107],"population.":[108],"However,":[109],"there":[110],"less":[112],"evidence":[113],"regarding":[114],"benefits":[116],"athletes,":[120],"especially":[121],"among":[122],"team":[123],"sports.\\nObjective:":[124],"The":[125,166,321,381],"aim":[126],"this":[128],"clinical":[129],"trial":[130,174],"was":[131,168,253,304,327,349,388,407],"study":[133,167],"(Probiotica":[138,179],"P3)":[139,180],"incidence,":[142],"(GI)":[154],"symptoms":[155,237,289,326,354,376,387],"amongst":[156],"\u201cSuper":[158],"15\u201d":[159],"rugby":[160,191,423],"players":[161],"during":[162,243],"competition.\\nMethod:":[165],"a":[169,214,220,259,283,305,410,446],"randomised,":[170],"single-blind,":[171],"placebo-controlled,":[172],"crossover":[173],"with":[175,409],"two":[176,379],"arms:":[177],"placebo.":[182],"total":[184],"34":[186],"participants":[187],"from":[188],"an":[189,229],"squad":[192],"New":[194],"Zealand":[195],"were":[196,211,369],"recruited":[197],"randomly":[199],"assigned":[200],"treatment":[203,206,315,333,358],"groups.":[204,380],"Each":[205],"lasted":[207],"four":[208],"weeks,":[209],"separated":[212],"by":[213],"4":[215],"week":[216],"washout":[217],"period.":[218],"On":[219,248],"daily":[221],"basis":[222],"throughout":[223],"each":[224,226],"treatment,":[225],"player":[227],"completed":[228],"\u201cincidence\u201d":[230],"dairy":[231],"recording":[232],"any":[233,288],"URTI":[234,353],"GI":[236],"these":[242],"past":[245],"24":[246,300],"hours.":[247],"both":[249],"treatments":[250],"one":[251],"capsule":[252],"provided":[254],"daily.":[255],"Probiotic":[256,279],"capsules":[257],"contained":[258],"dose":[260],"3.0":[262],"x":[263],"109":[264],"colony-forming":[265],"units":[266],"(CFUs)":[267],"including":[268],"three":[269],"strains":[270],"bacteria;":[272],"Lactobacillus":[273],"gasseri,":[274],"Bifidobacterium":[275,277],"bifidum,":[276],"longum.\\nResults:":[278],"supplementation":[280,406,441],"resulted":[281],"significantly":[284,328,350,428],"lower":[285],"incidence":[286,415],"(URTI":[290],"GI)":[292],"compared":[293,316,359],"placebo,":[296],"16":[297],"episodes":[298,301,346],"vs.":[299,336,365],"(p=0.03).":[302],"There":[303],"tendency":[306],"for":[307,345,352,385,442],"fewer":[308],"days":[309,335,364],"probiotic":[314,332,357,395],"placebo":[319,362],"(p=0.054).":[320],"mean":[322,343,382],"\u2018all\u2019":[325],"reduced":[329,351],"(1.51":[334],"2.91":[337],"days,":[338,367],"p=0.031).":[339],"In":[340],"addition,":[341],"(1.90":[363],"4.39":[366],"p=0.050).There":[368],"significant":[371,411],"differences":[372],"between":[377],"score":[384],"all":[386],"8.77":[389],"\u00b1":[390,398],"2.66":[391],"whilst":[392],"13.33":[397],"4.58":[399],"(p=0.110)":[400],"placebo.\\nConclusion:":[403],"Probiotica":[404],"P3":[405],"reduction":[412],"highly":[419],"trained":[420],"Super":[421],"15":[422],"players,":[424],"but":[425],"did":[426],"not":[427],"affect":[429],"symptoms.":[434],"Thus,":[435],"be":[438],"useful":[439],"nutritional":[440],"sports":[443],"teams":[444],"as":[445],"means":[447],"reducing":[449],"illness.":[450]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
