{"id":"https://openalex.org/W112392012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780_6","title":"The Effectiveness of Traffic Policing in Reducing Traffic Crashes","display_name":"The Effectiveness of Traffic Policing in Reducing Traffic Crashes","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W112392012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780_6","mag":"112392012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/9781137007780_6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463716","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing and Security in Practice","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2476195930","display_name":"Policing and Security in Practice"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028222881","display_name":"Lyndel Judith Bates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-2003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-2003"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyndel Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spain","United States","4.1 Sweden 358 3.9 4.4 -5.4 -3.1 0.7 Switzerland 349 4.5 5.7 -5.7 -5.0 -3.3 United Kingdom 2,337 3.8 4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4.1 Sweden 358 3.9 4.4 -5.4 -3.1 0.7 Switzerland 349 4.5 5.7 -5.7 -5.0 -3.3 United Kingdom 2,337 3.8 4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -1","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055405888","display_name":"David W. Soole","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Soole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spain","United States","4.1 Sweden 358 3.9 4.4 -5.4 -3.1 0.7 Switzerland 349 4.5 5.7 -5.7 -5.0 -3.3 United Kingdom 2,337 3.8 4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4.1 Sweden 358 3.9 4.4 -5.4 -3.1 0.7 Switzerland 349 4.5 5.7 -5.7 -5.0 -3.3 United Kingdom 2,337 3.8 4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -1","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063637317","display_name":"Barry C. Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-2300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-2300"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spain","United States","4.1 Sweden 358 3.9 4.4 -5.4 -3.1 0.7 Switzerland 349 4.5 5.7 -5.7 -5.0 -3.3 United Kingdom 2,337 3.8 4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4.1 Sweden 358 3.9 4.4 -5.4 -3.1 0.7 Switzerland 349 4.5 5.7 -5.7 -5.0 -3.3 United Kingdom 2,337 3.8 4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -1","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.8361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99929478,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"90","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13527","display_name":"Road Transport and Highway Systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-law-enforcement","display_name":"traffic law enforcement","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-accidents","display_name":"traffic accidents","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-safety","display_name":"road safety","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-behavior","display_name":"driver behavior","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drunk-driving","display_name":"drunk driving","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-impaired-driving","display_name":"drug-impaired driving","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speeding","display_name":"speeding","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seat-belt-use","display_name":"seat belt use","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-light-running","display_name":"red-light running","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-policing","display_name":"covert policing","score":0.4650000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780409804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621701","display_name":"Apprehension","level":2,"score":0.7911584377288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7226933240890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6946525573730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6906945705413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5825620293617249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5324930548667908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.45142072439193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.4393470287322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4303207993507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41140344738960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3718405067920685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3696381449699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2565726637840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20297124981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09720280766487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08949694037437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/9781137007780_6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463716","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing and Security in Practice","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"doi:10.1057/9781137007780.0011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780.0011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007780.0011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463715","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing and Security in Practice","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:50627","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://rdcu.be/c7bm1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Policing and Security in Practice: Challenges and Achievements","raw_type":"Chapter in Book, Report or Conference volume"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/50319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/50319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064376","display_name":"Griffith Research Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5142999887466431}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171375216","https://openalex.org/W183584662","https://openalex.org/W231629726","https://openalex.org/W605333538","https://openalex.org/W605493832","https://openalex.org/W619025942","https://openalex.org/W633109243","https://openalex.org/W642282104","https://openalex.org/W651492020","https://openalex.org/W805355577","https://openalex.org/W999073954","https://openalex.org/W1256919988","https://openalex.org/W1501548510","https://openalex.org/W1515222528","https://openalex.org/W1517229207","https://openalex.org/W1536859150","https://openalex.org/W1543980275","https://openalex.org/W1550621568","https://openalex.org/W1553007307","https://openalex.org/W1564541604","https://openalex.org/W1588001529","https://openalex.org/W1953943679","https://openalex.org/W1962349400","https://openalex.org/W1972861995","https://openalex.org/W1976303937","https://openalex.org/W1979975160","https://openalex.org/W1994220585","https://openalex.org/W1999438900","https://openalex.org/W2001706136","https://openalex.org/W2003041436","https://openalex.org/W2006425568","https://openalex.org/W2006633120","https://openalex.org/W2009603147","https://openalex.org/W2010876642","https://openalex.org/W2011047055","https://openalex.org/W2013259538","https://openalex.org/W2014059632","https://openalex.org/W2014348724","https://openalex.org/W2020219151","https://openalex.org/W2025078287","https://openalex.org/W2030538258","https://openalex.org/W2035442668","https://openalex.org/W2036125504","https://openalex.org/W2036316710","https://openalex.org/W2036389121","https://openalex.org/W2039787161","https://openalex.org/W2058191341","https://openalex.org/W2070767801","https://openalex.org/W2071684562","https://openalex.org/W2088977885","https://openalex.org/W2089104444","https://openalex.org/W2096035459","https://openalex.org/W2098877865","https://openalex.org/W2099816588","https://openalex.org/W2100952108","https://openalex.org/W2108283143","https://openalex.org/W2111373757","https://openalex.org/W2119208415","https://openalex.org/W2122107885","https://openalex.org/W2128876933","https://openalex.org/W2137637553","https://openalex.org/W2141994068","https://openalex.org/W2152624262","https://openalex.org/W2153429366","https://openalex.org/W2160000110","https://openalex.org/W2161339122","https://openalex.org/W2166033392","https://openalex.org/W2321169379","https://openalex.org/W2486785920","https://openalex.org/W2509187435","https://openalex.org/W2539685888","https://openalex.org/W2587958987","https://openalex.org/W3037276493","https://openalex.org/W3131556717","https://openalex.org/W4230308784","https://openalex.org/W4243846760","https://openalex.org/W4247140771","https://openalex.org/W4249254700","https://openalex.org/W4256288628","https://openalex.org/W6621624338","https://openalex.org/W6640841141","https://openalex.org/W6893254818","https://openalex.org/W6980827501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W636126552","https://openalex.org/W2150793852","https://openalex.org/W1602462385","https://openalex.org/W2026861343","https://openalex.org/W2175162346","https://openalex.org/W1515222528","https://openalex.org/W230415897","https://openalex.org/W6991549505","https://openalex.org/W593327456","https://openalex.org/W7097736914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"governments":[1],"throughout":[2],"the":[3,40,46,53,92,100,148,155,161],"world":[4],"rely":[5],"heavily":[6],"on":[7],"traffic":[8,26,43,95,125,133],"law":[9,27,96],"enforcement":[10,97],"programmes":[11,63],"to":[12,59,81,131],"modify":[13],"driver":[14],"behaviour":[15],"and":[16,30,32,51,57,71,75,117,135,145,154],"enhance":[17],"road":[18],"safety.":[19],"There":[20],"are":[21,34,127],"two":[22],"related":[23],"functions":[24],"of":[25,42,48,55,94,102,105],"enforcement,":[28],"apprehension":[29],"deterrence,":[31],"these":[33],"achieved":[35],"through":[36],"three":[37],"processes:":[38],"(1)":[39],"establishment":[41],"laws,":[44],"(2)":[45],"policing":[47,62],"those":[49],"laws":[50,134],"(3)":[52],"application":[54],"penalties":[56],"sanctions":[58,78],"offenders.":[60],"Traffic":[61],"can":[64,79],"vary":[65],"by":[66,143,147],"visibility":[67],"(overt":[68],"or":[69,84],"covert)":[70],"deployment":[72],"methods":[73],"(scheduled":[74],"non-scheduled),":[76],"while":[77],"serve":[80],"constrain,":[82],"deter":[83],"reform":[85],"offending":[86],"behaviour.":[87],"This":[88,150],"chapter":[89,122],"will":[90],"review":[91],"effectiveness":[93],"strategies":[98],"from":[99],"perspective":[101],"a":[103],"range":[104],"high-risk,":[106],"illegal":[107],"driving":[108],"behaviours,":[109],"including":[110],"drink/drug":[111],"driving,":[112],"speeding,":[113],"seat":[114],"belt":[115],"use":[116],"red-light":[118],"running.":[119],"Additionally,":[120],"this":[121],"discusses":[123],"how":[124],"police":[126],"increasingly":[128],"using":[129],"technology":[130],"enforce":[132],"thus":[136],"reduce":[137],"crashes.":[138],"These":[139],"keywords":[140,156],"were":[141],"added":[142],"machine":[144],"not":[146],"authors.":[149],"process":[151],"is":[152],"experimental":[153],"may":[157],"be":[158],"updated":[159],"as":[160],"learning":[162],"algorithm":[163],"improves.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}