{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1121979697","doi":null,"title":"Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with drinking water--United States, 2001-2002.","display_name":"Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with drinking water--United States, 2001-2002.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1121979697","mag":"1121979697","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15499306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:15499306","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15499306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/coph_epidem_articles/92","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029605708","display_name":"Jonathan S. Yoder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8401-8296","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8401-8296"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan S Yoder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health Prevention Service, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health Prevention Service, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055818565","display_name":"Brian G. Blackburn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3481-167X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3481-167X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian G Blackburn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gunther F Craun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunther F Craun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033986617","display_name":"Vincent R. Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-7737","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-7737"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Deborah A Levy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah A Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004927512","display_name":"Nora Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nora Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sherline H Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherline H Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rebecca L Calderon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca L Calderon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael J Beach","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799945547","display_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/02t7c5797","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J Beach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799945547"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0726,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":308,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99592847,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"8","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11331","display_name":"Fecal contamination and water quality","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11331","display_name":"Fecal contamination and water quality","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10486","display_name":"Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterborne-disease-outbreaks","display_name":"waterborne outbreaks","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swimming-pools","display_name":"swimming pools","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naegleria-fowleri","display_name":"Naegleria fowleri","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-amebic-meningoencephalitis","display_name":"primary amoebic meningoencephalitis","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastroenteritis","display_name":"gastroenteritis","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-inflammation","display_name":"skin inflammation","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak-surveillance","display_name":"outbreak surveillance","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak-reporting","display_name":"outbreak reporting","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak-etiology","display_name":"outbreak etiology","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterborne-pathogens","display_name":"waterborne pathogens","score":0.31299999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.9706813097000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776114971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2006636","display_name":"Waterborne diseases","level":3,"score":0.679277777671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6504653096199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6458032131195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778750513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142751","display_name":"Norovirus","level":3,"score":0.6237130761146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4792937636375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776480101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3555250","display_name":"Disease surveillance","level":3,"score":0.457785964012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.45599550008773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.1734464466571808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09043541550636292}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003872","descriptor_name":"Dermatitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005618","descriptor_name":"Fresh Water","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005759","descriptor_name":"Gastroenteritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008590","descriptor_name":"Meningoencephalitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011159","descriptor_name":"Population Surveillance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012140","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013550","descriptor_name":"Swimming","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013551","descriptor_name":"Swimming Pools","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014871","descriptor_name":"Water Microbiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014876","descriptor_name":"Water Pollution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:15499306","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15499306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:15499307","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15499307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unmc.edu:coph_epidem_articles-1091","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/coph_epidem_articles/92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407097584","display_name":"DigitalCommons@UNMC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59130452","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59130452"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal Articles: Epidemiology","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unmc.edu:coph_epidem_articles-1091","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/coph_epidem_articles/92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407097584","display_name":"DigitalCommons@UNMC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59130452","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59130452"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal Articles: Epidemiology","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.965499997138977},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79999293","https://openalex.org/W219546412","https://openalex.org/W603502675","https://openalex.org/W1550539995","https://openalex.org/W1576205455","https://openalex.org/W1581861720","https://openalex.org/W1690608650","https://openalex.org/W2004987658","https://openalex.org/W2049913839","https://openalex.org/W2065675767","https://openalex.org/W2071779762","https://openalex.org/W2077905541","https://openalex.org/W2096905618","https://openalex.org/W2103157449","https://openalex.org/W2108585036","https://openalex.org/W2130111684","https://openalex.org/W2134705725","https://openalex.org/W2150447127","https://openalex.org/W2153047981","https://openalex.org/W2154973172","https://openalex.org/W2156213728","https://openalex.org/W2158469257","https://openalex.org/W2168911878","https://openalex.org/W2406936283","https://openalex.org/W2479767893","https://openalex.org/W2793927395","https://openalex.org/W2889764101","https://openalex.org/W2915382682","https://openalex.org/W2916232278","https://openalex.org/W2916270096","https://openalex.org/W2917931294","https://openalex.org/W3024372856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096442458","https://openalex.org/W1565964064","https://openalex.org/W1520752435","https://openalex.org/W2916245654","https://openalex.org/W2175709499","https://openalex.org/W104042026","https://openalex.org/W2917937556","https://openalex.org/W2130111684","https://openalex.org/W2915382682","https://openalex.org/W2916270096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PROBLEM/CONDITION:":[0],"Since":[1],"1971,":[2],"CDC,":[3],"the":[4,10,42,48,59,98,103,190,198,202,253,276,362,412,428,463,471,481,515,548,560],"U.S.":[5],"Environmental":[6],"Protection":[7],"Agency,":[8],"and":[9,14,25,32,50,81,102,112,115,137,178,212,230,455,470,477,507],"Council":[11],"of":[12,34,45,52,156,197,242,247,264,270,293,313,341,346,364,374,430,438,465,483,517,541,543,570],"State":[13],"Territorial":[15],"Epidemiologists":[16],"have":[17],"maintained":[18],"a":[19,122,154,439],"collaborative":[20],"surveillance":[21,39,126,458],"system":[22,40,127],"for":[23,110,130,194,485],"collecting":[24],"periodically":[26],"reporting":[27,117],"data":[28,46,68,129,459,491],"related":[29],"to":[30,119,181,322,357,370,386,419,461,479,495,502,521,539,558],"occurrences":[31],"causes":[33],"waterborne-disease":[35],"outbreaks":[36,55,86,131,141,170,222,237,263,269,297,316,328,347,366,375,402,476,531],"(WBDOs).":[37],"This":[38,65],"is":[41,449,536],"primary":[43],"source":[44],"concerning":[47],"scope":[49],"effects":[51],"waterborne":[53,518],"disease":[54,266],"on":[56,69,82,121],"persons":[57,177],"in":[58,97,148,285,525,530,532,573],"United":[60],"States.":[61],"REPORTING":[62],"PERIOD":[63],"COVERED:":[64],"summary":[66],"includes":[67,128,260],"WBDOs":[70,114,158],"associated":[71,132,142,159,209,216,279,299,329,338,348,376,392,474],"with":[72,133,143,160,210,217,300,330,339,349,377,393,475],"drinking":[73,135,144,161,261,314,488,523,574],"water":[74,136,145,162,332,422,466,524,534],"that":[75,87,188,287,304,416,442,513],"occurred":[76,88,272,333],"during":[77,89,273,320,324,334,355,359,384,389,409],"January":[78],"2001-December":[79],"2002":[80],"three":[83,231],"previously":[84],"unreported":[85],"2000.":[90],"DESCRIPTION":[91],"OF":[92],"SYSTEM:":[93],"Public":[94],"health":[95],"departments":[96],"states,":[99],"territories,":[100],"localities,":[101],"Freely":[104],"Associated":[105],"States":[106],"are":[107,146,417,424,492,556],"primarily":[108,538],"responsible":[109],"detecting":[111],"investigating":[113],"voluntarily":[116],"them":[118],"CDC":[120,454,506],"standard":[123],"form.":[124],"The":[125,184,311,344,372,528],"both":[134],"recreational":[138],"water;":[139],"only":[140,413],"reported":[147,164,284,408],"this":[149,256],"summary.":[150],"RESULTS:":[151],"During":[152],"2001-2002,":[153],"total":[155],"31":[157,169,199,323],"were":[163,179,208,215,223,245,283,298,305,407],"by":[165,225,228,232,308,554],"19":[166,206],"states.":[167],"These":[168],"caused":[171,189,224],"illness":[172,241,519],"among":[173],"an":[174,249],"estimated":[175],"1,020":[176],"linked":[180],"seven":[182,236],"deaths.":[183],"microbe":[185],"or":[186],"chemical":[187,219],"outbreak":[191],"was":[192,337],"identified":[193,204],"24":[195,203],"(77.4%)":[196],"outbreaks.":[200],"Of":[201,275],"outbreaks,":[205,280],"(79.2%)":[207],"pathogens,":[211],"five":[213,227],"(20.8%)":[214],"acute":[218,239],"poisonings.":[220],"Five":[221],"norovirus,":[226],"parasites,":[229],"non-Legionella":[233,278],"bacteria.":[234],"All":[235],"involving":[238,403],"gastrointestinal":[240],"unknown":[243],"etiology":[244],"suspected":[246],"having":[248],"infectious":[250],"cause.":[251],"For":[252],"first":[254],"time,":[255],"MMWR":[257],"Surveillance":[258,490],"Summary":[259],"water-associated":[262,315],"Legionnaires":[265],"(LD);":[267],"six":[268],"LD":[271],"2001-2002.":[274,325,390,410],"25":[277],"23":[281,295,358],"(92.0%)":[282],"systems":[286,415,426,535],"used":[288,493],"groundwater":[289,296,350,379,414,440],"sources;":[290],"nine":[291],"(39.1%)":[292],"these":[294,433],"private":[301],"noncommunity":[302],"wells":[303,396,406],"not":[306],"regulated":[307],"EPA.":[309],"INTERPRETATION:":[310],"number":[312,345,373],"decreased":[317,352,380],"from":[318,353,368,381,563],"39":[319],"1999-2000":[321,356,385],"Two":[326],"(8.0%)":[327],"surface":[331,431,533],"2001-2002;":[335,360],"neither":[336],"consumption":[340],"untreated":[342,378],"water.":[343,489,575],"sources":[351],"28":[354],"however,":[361],"proportion":[363],"such":[365],"increased":[367],"73.7%":[369],"92.0%.":[371],"17":[382],"(44.7%)":[383],"10":[387],"(40.0%)":[388],"Outbreaks":[391],"private,":[394,404],"unregulated":[395],"remained":[397],"relatively":[398],"stable,":[399],"although":[400],"more":[401],"treated":[405],"Because":[411],"required":[418],"disinfect":[420],"their":[421,468],"supplies":[423],"public":[425,561],"under":[427,552],"influence":[429],"water,":[432],"findings":[434],"support":[435],"EPA's":[436],"development":[437,553],"rule":[441],"specifies":[443],"when":[444],"corrective":[445],"action":[446],"(including":[447],"disinfection)":[448],"required.":[450],"PUBLIC":[451],"HEALTH":[452],"ACTION:":[453],"EPA":[456,508,544,555],"use":[457],"1)":[460],"identify":[462],"types":[464],"systems,":[467],"deficiencies,":[469],"etiologic":[472],"agents":[473],"2)":[478],"evaluate":[480],"adequacy":[482],"technologies":[484],"providing":[486],"safe":[487],"also":[494],"establish":[496],"research":[497],"priorities,":[498],"which":[499],"can":[500],"lead":[501],"improved":[503],"water-quality":[504],"regulations.":[505],"recently":[509],"completed":[510],"epidemiologic":[511],"studies":[512],"assess":[514],"level":[516],"attributable":[520,537],"municipal":[522],"nonoutbreak":[526],"conditions.":[527],"decrease":[529],"implementation":[540],"provisions":[542],"rules":[545],"enacted":[546],"since":[547],"late":[549],"1980s.":[550],"Rules":[551],"expected":[557],"protect":[559],"further":[562],"microbial":[564],"contaminants":[565],"while":[566],"addressing":[567],"risk":[568],"tradeoffs":[569],"disinfection":[571],"byproducts":[572]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}