{"id":"https://openalex.org/W111990199","doi":null,"title":"Pain pharmacology and analgesia","display_name":"Pain pharmacology and analgesia","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W111990199","mag":"111990199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:111990199","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C03/E6-81-24.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103015943","display_name":"Maree Therese Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-3734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-3734"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maree T. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-3734","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109441236","display_name":"Samantha M. South","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samantha M. South","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.8833000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.8833000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10196","display_name":"Pain Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.09200000017881393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.020999999716877937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-pharmacology","display_name":"pain pharmacology","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-relief","display_name":"analgesia","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropathic-pain","display_name":"neuropathic pain","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-pain","display_name":"chronic pain","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allodynia","display_name":"allodynia","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperalgesia","display_name":"hyperalgesia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-nerve-injury","display_name":"peripheral nerve injury","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammatory-pain","display_name":"inflammatory pain","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nociceptive-pain","display_name":"nociceptive pain","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/who-analgesic-ladder","display_name":"WHO analgesic ladder","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioids","display_name":"opioids","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphine","display_name":"morphine","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjuvant-analgesics","display_name":"adjuvant analgesics","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paracetamol","display_name":"paracetamol","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs","display_name":"nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tramadol","display_name":"tramadol","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codeine","display_name":"codeine","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurobiology-of-pain","display_name":"neurobiology of pain","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8052425980567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777107010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798704","display_name":"Neuropathic pain","level":2,"score":0.6977648138999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777883359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888634","display_name":"Allodynia","level":5,"score":0.6913614273071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779245659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633866","display_name":"Hyperalgesia","level":4,"score":0.6199603080749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780820201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173235","display_name":"Analgesic","level":2,"score":0.6091718077659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.5923481583595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15490471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2734305","display_name":"Nociception","level":3,"score":0.5893341898918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778722691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57055","display_name":"Acetaminophen","level":2,"score":0.5778418183326721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.5545974373817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777389121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81225","display_name":"Morphine","level":2,"score":0.5375840663909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.5314670205116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172659308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412542","display_name":"Nociceptor","level":4,"score":0.4933110773563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781072394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407541","display_name":"Fentanyl","level":2,"score":0.45229965448379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775991916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945973","display_name":"Nerve injury","level":2,"score":0.44489729404449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.13838011026382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12626439332962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:111990199","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C03/E6-81-24.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":268,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16575282","https://openalex.org/W33374171","https://openalex.org/W40977286","https://openalex.org/W76115570","https://openalex.org/W76147659","https://openalex.org/W170677019","https://openalex.org/W183276954","https://openalex.org/W199624722","https://openalex.org/W1481185889","https://openalex.org/W1484138423","https://openalex.org/W1490720734","https://openalex.org/W1500504256","https://openalex.org/W1511198581","https://openalex.org/W1520866342","https://openalex.org/W1555165906","https://openalex.org/W1583934186","https://openalex.org/W1585680102","https://openalex.org/W1608662179","https://openalex.org/W1617355594","https://openalex.org/W1635709196","https://openalex.org/W1678824425","https://openalex.org/W1766894222","https://openalex.org/W1810764863","https://openalex.org/W1820159218","https://openalex.org/W1828123165","https://openalex.org/W1835398160","https://openalex.org/W1852077611","https://openalex.org/W1862246641","https://openalex.org/W1904510297","https://openalex.org/W1924075688","https://openalex.org/W1960421706","https://openalex.org/W1963938613","https://openalex.org/W1965009971","https://openalex.org/W1965095361","https://openalex.org/W1965204194","https://openalex.org/W1965541116","https://openalex.org/W1965591318","https://openalex.org/W1965779217","https://openalex.org/W1965829294","https://openalex.org/W1966503054","https://openalex.org/W1967441802","https://openalex.org/W1967945001","https://openalex.org/W1968045502","https://openalex.org/W1968047901","https://openalex.org/W1968688267","https://openalex.org/W1969326379","https://openalex.org/W1969384722","https://openalex.org/W1971936787","https://openalex.org/W1972531138","https://openalex.org/W1973406433","https://openalex.org/W1975891442","https://openalex.org/W1977634797","https://openalex.org/W1978381097","https://openalex.org/W1978939719","https://openalex.org/W1981104446","https://openalex.org/W1981749443","https://openalex.org/W1982081545","https://openalex.org/W1982307137","https://openalex.org/W1982624141","https://openalex.org/W1982942262","https://openalex.org/W1983434348","https://openalex.org/W1984095038","https://openalex.org/W1984705635","https://openalex.org/W1985644005","https://openalex.org/W1985689777","https://openalex.org/W1986482524","https://openalex.org/W1990237430","https://openalex.org/W1992191356","https://openalex.org/W1993923536","https://openalex.org/W1994458277","https://openalex.org/W1994894993","https://openalex.org/W1997637982","https://openalex.org/W1997948464","https://openalex.org/W1998755512","https://openalex.org/W2000574545","https://openalex.org/W2000799767","https://openalex.org/W2002002875","https://openalex.org/W2003646312","https://openalex.org/W2004413159","https://openalex.org/W2005523989","https://openalex.org/W2007393557","https://openalex.org/W2007440728","https://openalex.org/W2008088025","https://openalex.org/W2008301670","https://openalex.org/W2008574207","https://openalex.org/W2008979161","https://openalex.org/W2009809547","https://openalex.org/W2011202557","https://openalex.org/W2012112659","https://openalex.org/W2013514756","https://openalex.org/W2013819803","https://openalex.org/W2013911301","https://openalex.org/W2014979420","https://openalex.org/W2015106223","https://openalex.org/W2015303667","https://openalex.org/W2015734868","https://openalex.org/W2016413308","https://openalex.org/W2017299181","https://openalex.org/W2019755330","https://openalex.org/W2020335970","https://openalex.org/W2020526396","https://openalex.org/W2021088287","https://openalex.org/W2023137071","https://openalex.org/W2023705373","https://openalex.org/W2025201785","https://openalex.org/W2028404633","https://openalex.org/W2030076800","https://openalex.org/W2031867714","https://openalex.org/W2033980432","https://openalex.org/W2034256664","https://openalex.org/W2035473666","https://openalex.org/W2035623170","https://openalex.org/W2036205821","https://openalex.org/W2036912145","https://openalex.org/W2037043363","https://openalex.org/W2037335023","https://openalex.org/W2038381968","https://openalex.org/W2038955102","https://openalex.org/W2039937003","https://openalex.org/W2040035374","https://openalex.org/W2041290826","https://openalex.org/W2041826924","https://openalex.org/W2042301702","https://openalex.org/W2042642523","https://openalex.org/W2043033585","https://openalex.org/W2043946280","https://openalex.org/W2044873841","https://openalex.org/W2045293277","https://openalex.org/W2045503075","https://openalex.org/W2045512359","https://openalex.org/W2045724555","https://openalex.org/W2046550691","https://openalex.org/W2046593983","https://openalex.org/W2046670706","https://openalex.org/W2048497026","https://openalex.org/W2048695562","https://openalex.org/W2048911253","https://openalex.org/W2049543301","https://openalex.org/W2049716506","https://openalex.org/W2050781058","https://openalex.org/W2051364130","https://openalex.org/W2051997075","https://openalex.org/W2053121075","https://openalex.org/W2054982830","https://openalex.org/W2055379023","https://openalex.org/W2055546532","https://openalex.org/W2055653516","https://openalex.org/W2055739866","https://openalex.org/W2055785016","https://openalex.org/W2057196350","https://openalex.org/W2057408859","https://openalex.org/W2057621238","https://openalex.org/W2058548911","https://openalex.org/W2059149449","https://openalex.org/W2059787211","https://openalex.org/W2061188274","https://openalex.org/W2061996381","https://openalex.org/W2063766556","https://openalex.org/W2065008157","https://openalex.org/W2065101326","https://openalex.org/W2065511801","https://openalex.org/W2065566796","https://openalex.org/W2066573736","https://openalex.org/W2066962218","https://openalex.org/W2067212451","https://openalex.org/W2067825805","https://openalex.org/W2069373046","https://openalex.org/W2069726169","https://openalex.org/W2070795956","https://openalex.org/W2071488336","https://openalex.org/W2072553414","https://openalex.org/W2073427724","https://openalex.org/W2073947022","https://openalex.org/W2075285126","https://openalex.org/W2075572142","https://openalex.org/W2075894678","https://openalex.org/W2076923772","https://openalex.org/W2077053514","https://openalex.org/W2078671315","https://openalex.org/W2080084641","https://openalex.org/W2081742283","https://openalex.org/W2081814963","https://openalex.org/W2081917290","https://openalex.org/W2082451911","https://openalex.org/W2084190290","https://openalex.org/W2084414231","https://openalex.org/W2084694107","https://openalex.org/W2084910781","https://openalex.org/W2084971410","https://openalex.org/W2086356035","https://openalex.org/W2088947221","https://openalex.org/W2091746433","https://openalex.org/W2092139176","https://openalex.org/W2095013577","https://openalex.org/W2102023851","https://openalex.org/W2102396911","https://openalex.org/W2103289578","https://openalex.org/W2103302443","https://openalex.org/W2105493663","https://openalex.org/W2105927550","https://openalex.org/W2106912151","https://openalex.org/W2107705149","https://openalex.org/W2107948836","https://openalex.org/W2108995832","https://openalex.org/W2109153326","https://openalex.org/W2110060060","https://openalex.org/W2113138572","https://openalex.org/W2115483236","https://openalex.org/W2115573965","https://openalex.org/W2115745004","https://openalex.org/W2119826244","https://openalex.org/W2122130641","https://openalex.org/W2122863606","https://openalex.org/W2123166542","https://openalex.org/W2123258170","https://openalex.org/W2124339912","https://openalex.org/W2124355299","https://openalex.org/W2126416149","https://openalex.org/W2128043404","https://openalex.org/W2129108032","https://openalex.org/W2130064123","https://openalex.org/W2130496291","https://openalex.org/W2131340554","https://openalex.org/W2131800447","https://openalex.org/W2131804415","https://openalex.org/W2133048825","https://openalex.org/W2133232046","https://openalex.org/W2133988714","https://openalex.org/W2135951481","https://openalex.org/W2137244891","https://openalex.org/W2137979524","https://openalex.org/W2138545040","https://openalex.org/W2141895799","https://openalex.org/W2142634527","https://openalex.org/W2145540995","https://openalex.org/W2145739946","https://openalex.org/W2147427307","https://openalex.org/W2149045366","https://openalex.org/W2150921911","https://openalex.org/W2151758903","https://openalex.org/W2154437375","https://openalex.org/W2160209938","https://openalex.org/W2160817800","https://openalex.org/W2162398269","https://openalex.org/W2163077953","https://openalex.org/W2163512290","https://openalex.org/W2163790438","https://openalex.org/W2163956523","https://openalex.org/W2164752921","https://openalex.org/W2167284689","https://openalex.org/W2169064772","https://openalex.org/W2177315914","https://openalex.org/W2209501539","https://openalex.org/W2263527980","https://openalex.org/W2396669547","https://openalex.org/W2405023198","https://openalex.org/W2413210354","https://openalex.org/W2478682825","https://openalex.org/W2495324539","https://openalex.org/W2498227235","https://openalex.org/W2499177718","https://openalex.org/W2507104624","https://openalex.org/W2903704413","https://openalex.org/W2993328533","https://openalex.org/W3041284877","https://openalex.org/W3101974507","https://openalex.org/W4297627420","https://openalex.org/W4367485470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1904476721","https://openalex.org/W2127574079","https://openalex.org/W4236711325","https://openalex.org/W2034942591","https://openalex.org/W2955964196","https://openalex.org/W2468090482","https://openalex.org/W2561089364","https://openalex.org/W3024299711","https://openalex.org/W1937381572","https://openalex.org/W2160589920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pain":[0,11,33],"is":[1,84,103,120,170,278],"defined":[2],"by":[3,86,138],"the":[4,8,53,66,92,106,166,175,243,269,282,286,294],"International":[5],"Association":[6],"for":[7,135,293],"Study":[9],"of":[10,30,65,68,105,132,148,245,275,288,296],"as":[12,115,188,205,219,229,242,266],"an":[13],"unpleasant":[14],"sensory":[15],"and":[16,89,191,221,263],"emotional":[17],"experience":[18],"associated":[19],"with":[20,146,197,240,261,264],"actual":[21],"or":[22,26,45,47,80,98,118,141,154,202],"potential":[23,136,158],"tissue":[24,78,97],"damage,":[25],"described":[27,36],"in":[28,91,152],"terms":[29],"such":[31,187,218],"damage.":[32],"may":[34,258],"be":[35,259],"according":[37,173],"to":[38,77,124,164,174,225,233,248,280,291],"severity":[39],"(mild,":[40],"moderate,":[41],"severe),":[42],"duration":[43],"(acute":[44],"chronic)":[46],"type":[48],"(nociceptive,":[49],"inflammatory,":[50],"neuropathic).":[51],"In":[52,268],"last":[54],"two":[55],"decades,":[56],"considerable":[57,87],"research":[58],"directed":[59],"at":[60,253],"enhancing":[61],"our":[62],"collective":[63],"understanding":[64],"neurobiology":[67],"pain":[133],"has":[70,209],"revealed":[71],"that":[72,110],"persistent":[73,297],"ongoing":[74],"secondary":[76],"inflammation":[79],"peripheral":[81,99],"nerve":[82,100],"injury":[83],"underpinned":[85],"complexity":[88],"plasticity":[90],"signaling":[94],"system.":[95],"Following":[96],"injury,":[101],"there":[102,119],"sensitization":[104],"somatosensory":[107],"system":[108],"so":[109],"innocuous":[111],"stimuli":[112,126],"are":[113,162,195,223,238],"detected":[114],"painful":[116,125],"(allodynia)":[117],"a":[121,129,210,272],"heightened":[122],"response":[123],"(hyperalgesia).":[127],"Although":[128],"large":[130],"number":[131],"targets":[134],"modulation":[137],"small":[139],"molecules":[140,150],"biologics":[142],"have":[143],"been":[144],"identified":[145],"several":[147],"these":[149,157],"now":[151],"preclinical":[153],"clinical":[155],"development,":[156],"new":[159,273],"medicines":[161,277],"yet":[163],"reach":[165,281],"clinic.":[167],"Hence,":[168],"currently":[171],"managed":[172],"World":[176],"Health":[177],"Organisations":[178],"3-step":[179],"Analgesic":[180],"Ladder.":[181],"For":[182,213,231],"mild":[183],"pain,":[184,215,235],"non-opioid":[185],"analgesics":[186],"paracetamol":[189],"(acetaminophen)":[190],"nonsteroidal":[192],"anti-inflammatory":[193],"drugs":[194,289],"recommended,":[196],"adjuvants":[198],"(e.g.":[199],"antidepressants,":[200],"anticonvulsants":[201],"anti-arrhythmics)":[203],"added":[204,224],"required":[206],"if":[207],"neuropathic":[211],"component.":[212],"moderate":[214,232],"weak":[216],"opioids":[217,237,257],"codeine":[220],"tramadol":[222],"non-opioids":[226,262],"and/or":[227],"adjuvants,":[228,265],"required.":[230,267],"severe":[234],"strong":[236],"recommended":[239],"morphine":[241],"drug":[244],"choice":[246],"due":[247],"its":[249],"ready":[250],"availability":[251],"worldwide":[252],"low":[254],"cost.":[255],"Strong":[256],"co-administered":[260],"next":[270],"decade,":[271],"generation":[274],"likely":[279],"market,":[283],"thereby":[284],"expanding":[285],"armamentarium":[287],"available":[290],"clinicians":[292],"management":[295],"on-going":[298],"pain.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}