{"id":"https://openalex.org/W110475040","doi":null,"title":"Environmental and biodiversity impacts of organic farming in the hills and uplands of Wales","display_name":"Environmental and biodiversity impacts of organic farming in the hills and uplands of Wales","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W110475040","mag":"110475040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orgprints.org:10828","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orgprints.org/10828/1/envimpactsuplands.pdf","pdf_url":"http://orgprints.org/10828/1/envimpactsuplands.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400386","display_name":"Organic Eprints (International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems, and Research Institute of Organic Agriculture)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072054374","display_name":"Susan Fowler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3101-1813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3101-1813"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Fowler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109868956","display_name":"David Frost","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Frost","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003830904","display_name":"Caroline de Carle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline de Carle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11066","display_name":"Organic Food and Agriculture","score":0.6503999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11066","display_name":"Organic Food and Agriculture","score":0.6503999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12896","display_name":"Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis","score":0.2793000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13838","display_name":"Plant and soil sciences","score":0.03500000014901161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-farming","display_name":"organic farming","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upland-farming","display_name":"upland agriculture","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hill-farming","display_name":"hill agriculture","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiversity","display_name":"biodiversity","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-impact","display_name":"environmental impact","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agri-environment-schemes","display_name":"agri-environmental schemes","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-organic-regulation","display_name":"EU organic regulation","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livestock-genetic-diversity","display_name":"livestock genetic diversity","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous-livestock-breeds","display_name":"indigenous livestock breeds","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stocking-rate","display_name":"stocking rate","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manure-management","display_name":"manure management","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forage-based-diets","display_name":"forage-based diets","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parasite-control","display_name":"parasite control","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-biodiversity","display_name":"soil biodiversity","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-loss","display_name":"habitat loss","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wales","display_name":"Wales","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-agriculture","display_name":"sustainable agriculture","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-management-practices","display_name":"farmer management practices","score":0.43700000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118817206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165647","display_name":"Organic farming","level":3,"score":0.7268101572990417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.686687707901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.6706653833389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38739810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17074184","display_name":"Ecological farming","level":4,"score":0.6665741205215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126384245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643366","display_name":"Extensive farming","level":4,"score":0.6000608801841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37923429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148482","display_name":"Intensive farming","level":3,"score":0.5120039582252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.4704187214374542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.46908870339393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.4611973464488983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54924851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751054","display_name":"Sustainable agriculture","level":3,"score":0.4378643333911896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.4376378357410431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4416767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381236","display_name":"Environmental impact of agriculture","level":3,"score":0.4196356534957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37784039974212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49461877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038923","display_name":"Mixed farming","level":3,"score":0.3602597713470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.3423030972480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3232271671295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13144472241401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:orgprints.org:10828","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orgprints.org/10828/1/envimpactsuplands.pdf","pdf_url":"http://orgprints.org/10828/1/envimpactsuplands.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400386","display_name":"Organic Eprints (International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems, and Research Institute of Organic Agriculture)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"mag:110475040","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orgprints.org/10828/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"},{"score":0.6735000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W647850","https://openalex.org/W66986845","https://openalex.org/W166333300","https://openalex.org/W178759706","https://openalex.org/W195576715","https://openalex.org/W201944092","https://openalex.org/W277487457","https://openalex.org/W1148871182","https://openalex.org/W1183518707","https://openalex.org/W1545779242","https://openalex.org/W1559469413","https://openalex.org/W1574932825","https://openalex.org/W1590364357","https://openalex.org/W1601374219","https://openalex.org/W1970221060","https://openalex.org/W1981758084","https://openalex.org/W1997058022","https://openalex.org/W2000954289","https://openalex.org/W2004594587","https://openalex.org/W2012288325","https://openalex.org/W2018347165","https://openalex.org/W2026411374","https://openalex.org/W2033894902","https://openalex.org/W2069073623","https://openalex.org/W2073908352","https://openalex.org/W2078143937","https://openalex.org/W2083156138","https://openalex.org/W2087114782","https://openalex.org/W2089401005","https://openalex.org/W2090673304","https://openalex.org/W2091310263","https://openalex.org/W2104384866","https://openalex.org/W2104565749","https://openalex.org/W2141137008","https://openalex.org/W2149116407","https://openalex.org/W2153334458","https://openalex.org/W2157048311","https://openalex.org/W2162438230","https://openalex.org/W2170642366","https://openalex.org/W2172151980","https://openalex.org/W2318533941","https://openalex.org/W2322819992","https://openalex.org/W2330341632","https://openalex.org/W2564505508","https://openalex.org/W2614720325","https://openalex.org/W2954646418","https://openalex.org/W2980473941","https://openalex.org/W2986844573","https://openalex.org/W3127554287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W178759706","https://openalex.org/W2124821499","https://openalex.org/W7023504481","https://openalex.org/W6960430249","https://openalex.org/W4245610615","https://openalex.org/W10086226","https://openalex.org/W3087488405","https://openalex.org/W2011462543","https://openalex.org/W2222565039","https://openalex.org/W2566065409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1.":[0],"Organic":[1,56,429,519,587,640,697,763],"farming":[2,78,101,218,263,288,698,911,935],"is":[3,102,232,619,651,861,883,930],"based":[4,652],"on":[5,80,84,337,386,390,399,421,457,503,553,561,653,849],"principles":[6,654],"of":[7,14,24,27,39,51,63,70,93,188,214,236,249,282,285,316,329,362,366,372,402,408,414,426,433,452,463,469,477,479,497,508,515,538,600,604,630,648,663,732,747,784,788,791,814,834,836,852,873,879,909,944,951],"co-existence":[8],"with":[9,36,124,257,293,611,623,738],"natural":[10],"systems,":[11],"the":[12,19,22,25,45,52,68,74,85,97,137,167,186,212,234,283,286,291,294,303,314,323,330,367,383,387,400,406,422,495,506,513,532,542,556,562,592,628,661,664,673,693,702,706,713,782,786,819,832,837,853,857,871,904,913,937,942,948],"minimisation":[13],"pollution":[15],"and":[16,21,30,42,48,90,147,149,155,182,194,201,208,211,217,240,253,261,264,297,319,326,332,347,379,397,412,417,419,424,435,443,471,482,486,490,492,501,511,582,594,617,650,655,672,751,795,859,877,887,892,894,906,915,925,927],"damage":[17],"to":[18,32,128,135,142,178,224,259,268,302,374,382,392,465,614,621,659,682,701,709,718,728,770,797,801,803,830,875,922,932],"environment,":[20,557],"promotion":[23],"health":[26,662],"soil,":[28],"plant":[29],"animal":[31,40],"produce":[33,710],"healthy":[34],"food":[35,714,792],"high":[37,536,776],"standards":[38,527,537,576,876],"welfare":[41,575],"respect":[43],"for":[44,99,110,531,573,577,680,726,768,775,806,847],"wider":[46],"social":[47],"ecological":[49],"impacts":[50,139,308,353,449,908],"agricultural":[53],"system.":[54,602,665,720],"\\n2.":[55],"Farming":[57,691],"has":[58,119],"become":[59],"an":[60,364,678,766],"important":[61],"aspect":[62],"EU":[64,75,694],"agri-environment":[65,143,895],"policy.":[66],"Since":[67],"implementation":[69],"EC":[71],"Reg.":[72],"2078/92":[73],"promotes":[76],"organic":[77,94,145,222,252,287,304,317,338,543,759,854,910,934,946],"explicitly":[79],"its":[81],"positive":[82,684,773],"effects":[83,567],"environment.":[86],"\\n3.":[87],"The":[88,221,244,307,335,811,845],"environmental":[89,352,384,448,637,905,949],"biodiversity":[91,350,446,554,907],"benefits":[92,109,813,950],"systems":[95,112,231,500,929],"in":[96,171,180,191,199,205,227,431,473,591,818,856,912,936],"lowlands":[98],"mixed":[100,241,498,752],"generally":[103],"accepted":[104],"(Shepherd,":[105],"2003)":[106],"but":[107,290,320,526,824],"similar":[108],"upland":[111,183,230,262,926],"have":[113,348,444,565,569,841],"not":[114,310,522],"been":[115,120],"identified.":[116,152],"This":[117,625,721],"report":[118,245],"produced":[121],"by":[122,313,322,643],"OCW":[123],"funding":[125],"from":[126,345,441,548],"CCW":[127],"address":[129],"this":[130,939],"gap.":[131],"Where":[132],"relevant,":[133],"means":[134,725],"ensure":[136],"beneficial":[138,843],"through":[140,233],"changes":[141,179,867],"schemes,":[144],"standards,":[146],"education":[148,891],"dissemination":[150],"are":[151,157,300,309,761,799,821,826,868,917,953],"\\n4.":[153],"Hill":[154],"uplands":[156,595,860,916],"characterised":[158],"as":[159,196,198],"areas":[160],"over":[161],"200m":[162],"above":[163],"sea":[164],"level":[165],"where":[166],"physical":[168],"landscape":[169],"results":[170],"production":[172,649,793],"constraints.":[173],"\\n5.":[174],"Biodiversity":[175],"losses":[176],"linked":[177],"hill":[181,228,260,924],"agriculture":[184,226,641,733],"include":[185],"erosion":[187],"genetic":[189],"diversity":[190,210],"farmed":[192],"livestock":[193,339,578],"crops":[195,436,510],"well":[197],"wildlife":[200,209],"flora,":[202],"a":[203,601,609,646,723,730,772],"reduction":[204,396],"habitat,":[206],"soil":[207],"loss":[213],"local":[215],"knowledge":[216],"culture.":[219],"\\n6.":[220],"approach":[223],"sustainable":[225],"or":[229,270,280,351,447,555,607,689,711,902],"use":[235,401,407,413,462,468,478,496,507,514,878],"multi":[237],"species":[238],"swards":[239],"stocking.":[242],"\\n7.":[243],"identifies":[246],"potential":[247,812],"points":[248],"difference":[250],"between":[251],"conventional":[254,346,442,688],"management":[255,324,432,540,559],"practices":[256,284,336,430,549,657,816,838,851],"regard":[258],"highlights":[265],"research":[266],"requirements":[267],"confirm":[269,831],"explore":[271],"those":[272],"potentials.":[273],"\\n8.":[274],"Conventional":[275],"farms":[276,340,588,760],"can":[277,596],"adopt":[278,669],"any":[279],"all":[281,483],"system,":[289],"engagement":[292],"entire":[295],"system":[296,315,647,707,731],"annual":[298],"inspections":[299],"specific":[301],"farmer.":[305],"\\n9.":[306],"just":[311],"determined":[312],"regulations":[318,520],"also":[321],"ability":[325],"technical":[327],"skills":[328],"farmer":[331,667],"workers.":[333],"\\n10.":[334],"identified":[341,437],"that":[342,438,550,568,705,719,734,839],"may":[343,439,668,840,899,940],"differ":[344,440],"direct":[349,445],"are:":[354,450],"lower":[355,748],"stocking":[356,368,749,753],"rates":[357,750],"(overall":[358],"manure":[359],"loading":[360],"maximum":[361],"170kg/N/ha/yr);":[363],"adjustment":[365],"balance":[369],"(increasing":[370],"ratio":[371],"cattle":[373],"sheep);":[375],"keeping":[376],"indigenous":[377],"breeds":[378],"strains":[380],"adapted":[381],"conditions":[385],"farm;":[388],"limitation":[389],"products":[391],"control":[393,489],"external":[394],"parasites;":[395],"restriction":[398,456],"prophylactic":[403],"veterinary":[404,881],"medicines;":[405],"foragebased":[409],"diets;":[410],"storage":[411],"slurries,":[415],"manures":[416],"composts,":[418],"constraints":[420],"import":[423],"export":[425],"nutrients.":[427],"\\n11.":[428],"grassland":[434],"cessation":[451,476],"N":[453],"fertiliser":[454],"use;":[455,461],"P":[458],"&":[459],"K":[460],"lime":[464],"maintain":[466],"pH;":[467],"clovers":[470],"herbs":[472],"grass":[474],"leys;":[475],"chemical":[480],"pesticides":[481],"herbicides;":[484],"mechanical":[485],"manual":[487],"weed":[488],"sensitive":[491],"timely":[493],"cultivations;":[494],"farm":[499,563],"rotations":[502],"in-bye":[504,605],"land;":[505],"cover":[509],"undersowing;":[512],"green":[516],"manures.":[517],"\\n12.":[518],"do":[521],"require":[523,579],"habitat":[524],"creation,":[525],"state,":[528],"\u201cthat":[529],"concern":[530],"environment":[533],"should":[534],"manifest\u201d\u2026\u201cin":[535],"conservation":[539,685],"throughout":[541],"holding\u201d.":[544],"\\nDiscussion":[545],"\\n13.":[546],"Apart":[547],"impact":[551],"directly":[552],"each":[558],"decision":[560],"will":[564,626,754],"knock-on":[566],"their":[570,739],"own":[571],"consequences,":[572],"example":[574],"bedding":[580],"materials":[581],"greater":[583],"housing":[584],"space.":[585],"\\n14.":[586],"operating":[589],"solely":[590],"hills":[593,858,914],"only":[597,755],"be":[598,756],"part":[599],"Use":[603],"land":[606],"having":[608],"relationship":[610],"lowland":[612,631,928,945],"holdings":[613],"provide":[615,683],"winter-feed":[616],"forage":[618],"necessary":[620,931],"comply":[622],"regulations.":[624],"increase":[627],"amount":[629],"managed":[632],"organically,":[633],"bringing":[634],"widely":[635],"recognised":[636],"benefits.":[638],"\\n15.":[639],"is,":[642],"legal":[644],"definition,":[645],"uses":[656],"adopted":[658],"optimise":[660],"Any":[666,745],"individual":[670,815],"practices,":[671],"Tir":[674],"Gofal":[675],"scheme":[676],"provides":[677,699,722,765],"opportunity":[679,767],"farmers":[681,855],"measures,":[686],"whether":[687],"organic.":[690],"under":[692],"Regulation":[695],"defining":[696],"assurance":[700],"end":[703],"consumer":[704,789],"used":[708],"process":[712],"product":[715],"was":[716],"according":[717],"reliable":[724],"consumers":[727,769],"support":[729],"fits":[735],"more":[736],"closely":[737],"expectations":[740],"than":[741],"intensive":[742],"systems.":[743],"\\n16.":[744],"advantages":[746],"maintained":[757],"while":[758],"viable.":[762],"labelling":[764],"make":[771],"choice":[774],"welfare,":[777],"environmentally":[778],"benign":[779],"systems;":[780],"however":[781,870],"difficulties":[783],"marketing,":[785],"lack":[787],"awareness":[790],"issues":[794,897],"unwillingness":[796],"pay":[798],"barriers":[800],"access":[802],"premium":[804],"markets":[805],"many":[807],"producers.":[808],"\\nConclusions:":[809],"\\n17.":[810],"outlined":[817],"document":[820],"often":[822],"clear,":[823],"there":[825],"currently":[827],"few":[828],"data":[829,848],"extent":[833],"some":[835],"most":[842],"impact.":[844],"need":[846],"actual":[850],"therefore":[862],"highlighted.":[863],"\\n18.":[864],"Few":[865],"Standards":[866],"recommended,":[869],"monitoring":[872],"derogations":[874],"restricted":[880],"inputs":[882],"recommended.":[884],"\\n19.":[885],"Research":[886],"development":[888],"needs,":[889],"technical,":[890],"dissemination,":[893],"policy":[896],"which":[898,952],"establish,":[900],"ensure,":[901],"enhance":[903],"outlined.":[918],"\\n20.":[919],"Infrastructure":[920],"work":[921],"integrate":[923],"facilitate":[933],"uplands;":[938],"assist":[941],"viability":[943],"holdings:":[947],"established.":[954]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
