{"id":"https://openalex.org/W110473883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","title":"Different Approaches to Pension Reform from an Economic Point of View","display_name":"Different Approaches to Pension Reform from an Economic Point of View","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W110473883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","mag":"110473883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464156","display_name":"University of Chicago Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Security Pension Reform in Europe","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1602355649","display_name":"Social Security Pension Reform in Europe"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10669.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059247979","display_name":"Jonathan Gruber A B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-710X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-710X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Gruber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,","National Bureau of Economic Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110804272","display_name":"David A. Wise","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Wise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,","National Bureau of Economic Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94677165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"49","last_page":"77"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13825","display_name":"Economic Policies and Impacts","score":0.17790000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.07840000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-reform","display_name":"pension reform","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security","display_name":"social security","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pay-as-you-go-pension-system","display_name":"pay-as-you-go pensions","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-aging","display_name":"population aging","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-ratio","display_name":"dependency ratio","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-benefits","display_name":"retirement benefits","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-system-sustainability","display_name":"pension sustainability","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement-age","display_name":"retirement age","score":0.4259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777111884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Social security","level":2,"score":0.8128430843353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780899237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156223","display_name":"Pension","level":2,"score":0.7351911067962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6185765862464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994097847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156223","display_name":"Pension system","level":3,"score":0.5058597922325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45540720224380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992423588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449744","display_name":"Financial security","level":2,"score":0.42055171728134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3519383668899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.21397772431373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.20446085929870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.13304904103279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241913.003.0004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464156","display_name":"University of Chicago Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Security Pension Reform in Europe","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberch:10669","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10669.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10669.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},{"id":"mag:3124905415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/h/nbr/nberch/10669.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306520638","display_name":"NBER Chapters","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"other"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NBER Chapters","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberch:10669","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10669.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10669.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W110473883.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W110473883.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9982409","https://openalex.org/W159406651","https://openalex.org/W1488310847","https://openalex.org/W1524189842","https://openalex.org/W1536289292","https://openalex.org/W1542632173","https://openalex.org/W1543384513","https://openalex.org/W1577188183","https://openalex.org/W1586278893","https://openalex.org/W1588860526","https://openalex.org/W1596682562","https://openalex.org/W1599514720","https://openalex.org/W1799501338","https://openalex.org/W1939389829","https://openalex.org/W1964901971","https://openalex.org/W1965665223","https://openalex.org/W1989418638","https://openalex.org/W2006395975","https://openalex.org/W2007929272","https://openalex.org/W2027352429","https://openalex.org/W2062441457","https://openalex.org/W2075052302","https://openalex.org/W2794336327","https://openalex.org/W3121257918","https://openalex.org/W3121377913","https://openalex.org/W3121950773","https://openalex.org/W3122965613","https://openalex.org/W3124039943","https://openalex.org/W3124721860","https://openalex.org/W3146861046","https://openalex.org/W4214497502","https://openalex.org/W4299660921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098540787","https://openalex.org/W3016786065","https://openalex.org/W1547497732","https://openalex.org/W1984226186","https://openalex.org/W1563611187","https://openalex.org/W2133419418","https://openalex.org/W2318334280","https://openalex.org/W2482724578","https://openalex.org/W2027145353","https://openalex.org/W1577053450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"social":[1,95,115],"security":[2,96,116],"systems":[3,32,97,117],"around":[4,98],"the":[5,25,40,46,51,62,72,99,108,111,121,130,134,148,151],"world":[6,100],"are":[7,20,33,60,144],"operated":[8],"on":[9,133],"a":[10],"pay-as-you-go":[11],"(PAYGO)":[12],"basis.":[13],"Taxes":[14],"collected":[15],"from":[16],"working":[17],"people":[18],"today":[19],"routed":[21],"directly":[22],"to":[23,45,76,128],"pay":[24],"benefits":[26,89],"of":[27,42,48,74,81,110,137,150],"current":[28],"retirees.":[29],"Now":[30],"these":[31,82],"faced":[34,113],"with":[35,86],"rapidly":[36],"aging":[37],"populations,":[38],"increasing":[39,71],"number":[41,47],"retirees":[43,75],"relative":[44],"persons":[49],"in":[50,57,90],"labor":[52,63],"force.":[53],"In":[54],"addition,":[55],"employees":[56],"most":[58],"countries":[59],"leaving":[61],"force":[64],"at":[65,147],"younger":[66,68],"and":[67,118,141],"ages,":[69],"further":[70],"ratio":[73],"employed":[77],"persons.":[78],"The":[79],"combination":[80],"two":[83],"trends,":[84],"together":[85],"generous":[87],"retirement":[88],"many":[91],"countries,":[92],"has":[93],"placed":[94],"under":[101],"enormous":[102],"financial":[103],"stress.":[104],"This":[105],"chapter":[106],"explains":[107],"nature":[109],"problem":[112],"by":[114],"then":[119],"describes":[120],"various":[122],"approaches":[123],"that":[124],"might":[125],"be":[126],"used":[127],"address":[129],"problem,":[131],"commenting":[132],"economic":[135],"features":[136],"each.":[138],"A":[139],"commentary":[140],"discussion":[142],"summary":[143],"also":[145],"included":[146],"end":[149],"chapter.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
