{"id":"https://openalex.org/W110237947","doi":null,"title":"Reforming the Wannabe Reformers: Why Education Reforms Almost Always End Up Making Things Worse.","display_name":"Reforming the Wannabe Reformers: Why Education Reforms Almost Always End Up Making Things Worse.","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W110237947","mag":"110237947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:110237947","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ525952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156752806","display_name":"Phi Delta Kappan","issn_l":"0031-7217","issn":["0031-7217","1940-6487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Phi Delta Kappan","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086033395","display_name":"Stanley Pogrow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stanley Pogrow","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086033395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":67.4199,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99902536,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"10","first_page":"656","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10457","display_name":"Education Pedagogy and Practices","score":0.41429999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10457","display_name":"Education Pedagogy and Practices","score":0.41429999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11300","display_name":"Global Educational Policies and Reforms","score":0.15279999375343323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.13210000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reformers","display_name":"reformers","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-education-reform","display_name":"history of education reform","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-thinking-skills","display_name":"higher-order thinking skills","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-language","display_name":"whole language","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-vouchers","display_name":"school vouchers","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-grouping","display_name":"heterogeneous grouping","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-empowerment","display_name":"teacher empowerment","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentic-assessment","display_name":"authentic assessment","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-teaching","display_name":"team teaching","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-change","display_name":"incremental change","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutionalization-of-reform","display_name":"institutionalization of reform","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-practitioners","display_name":"educational practitioners","score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditionalism-in-education","display_name":"traditionalism in education","score":0.46399998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5802191495895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5618964433670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5357884764671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4287520945072174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4239221215248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552535540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861536","display_name":"Education reform","level":3,"score":0.4197452664375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35208427906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.35051649808883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.32648760080337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18789124488830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:110237947","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ525952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156752806","display_name":"Phi Delta Kappan","issn_l":"0031-7217","issn":["0031-7217","1940-6487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Phi Delta Kappan","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6700000166893005}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998791745","https://openalex.org/W317482164","https://openalex.org/W1607807605","https://openalex.org/W7196935977","https://openalex.org/W1978175540","https://openalex.org/W2953503933","https://openalex.org/W176418695","https://openalex.org/W2791995973","https://openalex.org/W4402451045","https://openalex.org/W7095570845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mr.":[0],"Pogrow":[1],"uses":[2],"his":[3,384],"own":[4,224],"experience":[5,225,531,563],"and":[6,30,34,40,98,202,206,212,231,242,271,297,378,383,413,472,479,501,520,543,559,601,608,615,622,631],"the":[7,13,20,27,32,38,43,68,75,83,124,128,135,150,153,156,167,171,183,192,199,204,210,215,232,235,244,250,305,311,316,322,331,334,339,355,402,441,452,466,469,485,491,511,534,553,577,581,637],"history":[8,245,323,364],"of":[9,64,152,234,246,256,279,282,301,319,324,338,343,357,365,370,373,409,455,463,468,488,506,529,556,583],"education":[10,24,76,196,247,274,351,366,389,509],"reform":[11,248,266,302,367,458],"over":[12,249],"past":[14,251],"100":[15,252],"years":[16],"to":[17,261,308,333,376,420,451,477,532,566,617,629],"argue":[18,190],"that":[19,70,105,127,134,145,170,191,344,388,401,404,426,430,436,445,495,514,588,595],"biggest":[21,193],"problem":[22,194],"in":[23,56,91,143,175,179,195,321,434,508,515,546],"is":[25,137,169,197,267,361,368,510,596,599,640],"with":[26,31,74,79,82,87,94,198,203],"reformers":[28,97,125,200],"themselves":[29,201],"academicians":[33,205],"researchers":[35,207],"who":[36,208],"develop":[37,209],"ideas":[39,211,540,558,587],"rationales":[41,213],"for":[42,61,140,214,606],"reformers'":[44,216],"pet":[45,217],"reforms.":[46,58,101,154,218,280],"For":[47],"more":[48],"than":[49],"a":[50,227,263,526,593,603],"decade,":[51],"we":[52],"have":[53,66,276,386,564],"been":[54],"buried":[55],"proposed":[57,100,157],"Those":[59],"responsible":[60],"this":[62,314],"avalanche":[63],"reforms":[65,172,286,342,360,375,390,493],"taken":[67],"perspective":[69],"there":[71],"are":[72,130,185,303,407,428,431,437,475,480,497,626],"problems":[73,78,81,86,93],"establishment,":[77],"society,":[80],"political":[84],"structure,":[85],"current":[88,283],"practice":[89],"-":[90,346,352],"short,":[92],"everything":[95],"except":[96],"their":[99,106,410],"Reformers":[102],"typically":[103,391],"feel":[104],"solutions":[107],"would":[108,113],"work":[109],"if":[110,635],"only":[111,424,634],"people":[112,118],"get":[114],"on":[115,122,310,465,525],"board.":[116],"When":[117,155],"do":[119,392,405,618],"not":[120,165,178,393],"jump":[121],"board,":[123],"conclude":[126],"practitioners":[129,184],"at":[131,138,186,576],"fault":[132,139],"or":[133,444],"society":[136],"socializing":[141],"individuals":[142],"ways":[144],"prevent":[146],"them":[147],"from":[148,222,243,330],"appreciating":[149],"wisdom":[151],"reforms,":[158],"lacking":[159],"popular":[160],"support,":[161],"inevitably":[162],"end":[163],"up":[164],"working,":[166],"refrain":[168],"were":[173],"implemented":[174],"style":[176],"but":[177,490],"substance.":[180],"Once":[181],"again,":[182],"fault.":[187],"I":[188],"will":[189],"My":[219],"conclusions":[220,579],"stem":[221],"my":[223],"as":[226,459,513],"reformer,":[228],"an":[229],"academician,":[230],"developer":[233],"HOTS":[236],"(Higher":[237],"Order":[238],"Thinking":[239],"Skills)":[240],"program(1)":[241],"years.":[253],"The":[254,269,363,423,504],"State":[255],"Education":[257],"Reform":[258],"This":[259],"appears":[260],"be":[262,309],"time":[264],"when":[265],"blossoming.":[268],"Kappan":[270],"other":[272,516],"major":[273,374],"publications":[275],"highlighted":[277],"dozens":[278],"Examples":[281],"widely":[284,340],"advocated":[285,341],"include":[287],"whole":[288],"language,":[289],"vouchers,":[290],"heterogeneous":[291],"grouping,":[292],"teacher":[293],"empowerment,":[294],"authentic":[295],"assessment,":[296],"team":[298],"teaching.":[299],"Lovers":[300],"ecstatic;":[304],"traditionalists":[306],"seem":[307],"run.":[312],"But":[313],"isn't":[315],"first":[317],"instance":[318],"hyper-reform":[320],"education.":[325],"Another":[326],"such":[327],"period":[328,345],"ran":[329],"mid-1960s":[332],"mid-1970s.":[335],"Almost":[336],"none":[337],"open":[347],"space,":[348],"individualization,":[349],"community-based":[350],"survived.":[353],"Unfortunately,":[354],"fate":[356,582],"these":[358],"earlier":[359],"typical.":[362],"one":[369,619],"consistent":[371,486],"failure":[372,487],"survive":[377,406,427],"become":[379,541,589],"institutionalized.":[380],"David":[381],"Tyack":[382],"colleagues":[385],"found":[387],"last":[394],"very":[395],"long.":[396],"Larry":[397],"Cuban":[398,449],"has":[399],"noted":[400],"few":[403],"shorn":[408],"ambitious":[411],"goals":[412],"ideals,":[414],"becoming":[415],"instead":[416],"routinized":[417],"incremental":[418],"changes":[419,560],"what":[421],"exists.":[422],"innovations":[425,467,545,591,612,625],"those":[429],"highly":[432],"structural":[433],"nature,":[435],"easily":[438],"monitored":[439],"(e.g.,":[440],"Carnegie":[442],"unit),":[443],"create":[446],"new":[447,539,584],"constituencies.":[448],"refers":[450],"historical":[453],"success":[454],"attempted":[456],"curriculum":[457],"pitiful.(2)":[460],"Indeed,":[461],"reports":[462],"research":[464],"late":[470],"1980s":[471],"early":[473],"1990s":[474],"starting":[476],"appear":[478],"generally":[481],"disclosing":[482],"failure.(3)":[483],"Does":[484],"all":[489,636],"simplest":[492],"suggest":[494],"educators":[496],"stupid,":[498],"lazy,":[499],"unimaginative,":[500],"uncaring?":[502],"No!":[503],"record":[505],"innovation":[507],"same":[512],"areas.":[517],"In":[518],"Innovation":[519],"Entrepreneurship,":[521],"Peter":[522],"Drucker":[523,574],"draws":[524],"wide":[527],"range":[528],"human":[530,562],"determine":[533],"fundamental":[535],"conditions":[536],"under":[537],"which":[538],"successful":[542,590,611],"enduring":[544],"any":[547],"field.":[548],"He":[549],"finds":[550],"that,":[551],"historically,":[552],"vast":[554],"majority":[555],"innovative":[557],"throughout":[561],"failed":[565],"take":[567],"root.":[568],"Most":[569],"remain":[570],"just":[571],"interesting":[572],"ideas.":[573],"arrives":[575],"following":[578],"regarding":[580],"ideas:":[585],"*":[586,610,623],"represent":[592],"solution":[594],"clearly":[597],"definable,":[598],"simple,":[600],"includes":[602],"complete":[604],"system":[605],"implementation":[607],"dissemination;":[609],"start":[613],"small":[614],"try":[616],"specific":[620],"thing;":[621],"knowledge-based":[624],"least":[627],"likely":[628],"succeed":[630,633],"can":[632],"needed":[638],"knowledge":[639],"available.":[641],"\u2026":[642]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}