{"id":"https://openalex.org/W110033710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0203000104","title":"Patenting Genes and Gene Sequences and Competition: Patenting at the Expense of Competition","display_name":"Patenting Genes and Gene Sequences and Competition: Patenting at the Expense of Competition","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W110033710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0203000104","mag":"110033710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0067205x0203000104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0203000104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0203000104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764878180","display_name":"Federal Law Review","issn_l":"0067-205X","issn":["0067-205X","1444-6928"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Federal Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040073028","display_name":"Charles G. R. Lawson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-026X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-026X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Lawson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Genomic Interactions Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Genomic Interactions Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040073028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1668,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90027628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"97","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.6640999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.6640999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.3127000033855438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-patents","display_name":"gene patents","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-sequence","display_name":"gene sequence","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-law","display_name":"patent law","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology","display_name":"biotechnology","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.46700000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7892747521400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7474098205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47015950083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.45015236735343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44884926080703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41230762004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3795310854911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.36381441354751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2170233130455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1489901840686798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.06604322791099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06556707620620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0067205x0203000104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0203000104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0203000104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764878180","display_name":"Federal Law Review","issn_l":"0067-205X","issn":["0067-205X","1444-6928"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Federal Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.22145/flr.30.1.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22145/flr.30.1.4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22145/flr.30.1.4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764878180","display_name":"Federal Law Review","issn_l":"0067-205X","issn":["0067-205X","1444-6928"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Federal Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/73167","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/73167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Federal Law Review","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/519980","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/519980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"240692","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/25108","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/25108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064376","display_name":"Griffith Research Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4300000071525574}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185409382","https://openalex.org/W638533949","https://openalex.org/W2201376167","https://openalex.org/W2208464186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000205216","https://openalex.org/W3119642071","https://openalex.org/W2225055659","https://openalex.org/W832933918","https://openalex.org/W1575591465","https://openalex.org/W7100542437","https://openalex.org/W1596692793","https://openalex.org/W806502173","https://openalex.org/W3211830779","https://openalex.org/W1831905723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,154],"competition":[1,39],"principles":[2],"set":[3],"out":[4],"in":[5,34,105,123],"the":[6,24,29,35,62,65,79,86,100,109,113,127,133,147,166,170],"Trade":[7],"Practices":[8],"Act":[9,81],"1974":[10],"(Cth)":[11,83],"are":[12,136,157],"based":[13],"on":[14],"an":[15],"economic":[16,143],"model":[17],"of":[18,64,95,130,132,169],"perfectly":[19],"competitive":[20],"markets":[21,50],"responding":[22],"to":[23,49,73,88,107,118,140],"market":[25,43],"and":[26,31,90,116,165],"producing":[27],"only":[28],"goods":[30],"services":[32],"required":[33],"market.":[36],"However,":[37],"effective":[38],"together":[40],"with":[41],"good":[42],"information":[44],"may":[45,57,102],"create":[46],"a":[47,76,92],"disincentive":[48,87],"innovating":[51],"(market":[52],"failure)":[53],"because":[54],"new":[55,124],"developments":[56,125],"be":[58],"rapidly":[59],"copied":[60],"without":[61],"recovery":[63],"innovation's":[66],"development":[67,110],"costs":[68,111,156,168],"(a":[69],"free":[70,114],"ride).":[71],"According":[72],"this":[74],"model,":[75],"patent":[77],"under":[78],"Patents":[80,135],"1990":[82],"compensates":[84],"for":[85],"innovate":[89],"justifies":[91],"limited":[93],"period":[94],"exclusive":[96],"rights":[97],"during":[98],"which":[99],"innovator":[101],"exclude":[103],"others":[104],"order":[106],"recover":[108],"(confounding":[112],"riders)":[115],"contribute":[117],"beneficial":[119],"innovation":[120],"by":[121],"investing":[122],"(with":[126],"added":[128],"benefit":[129,144],"disclosure":[131],"innovation).":[134],"therefore":[137],"generally":[138],"assumed":[139],"produce":[141],"overall":[142],"while":[145],"at":[146],"same":[148],"time":[149],"having":[150],"minimal":[151],"social":[152,155],"costs.":[153],"higher":[158],"prices,":[159],"restricted":[160],"outputs,":[161],"subsidised":[162],"foreign":[163],"inventors":[164],"administrative":[167],"patenting":[171],"scheme.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
