{"id":"https://openalex.org/W10990383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","title":"Naturally Seeded versus Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings in Group-Selection Openings","display_name":"Naturally Seeded versus Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings in Group-Selection Openings","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W10990383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","mag":"10990383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57128847","display_name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","issn_l":"0885-6095","issn":["0885-6095","1938-3770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103906511","display_name":"Philip M. McDonald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107718","display_name":"Northern Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/019jdc178","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210107718"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129675","display_name":"Pacific Southwest Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/036a0fn15","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip M. McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,","Northern Research Station, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501-9128"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Research Station, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501-9128","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041833486","display_name":"Gary O. Fiddler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129675","display_name":"Pacific Southwest Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/036a0fn15","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Fiddler","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039810614","display_name":"Martin W. Ritchie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1633-0840","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1633-0840"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129675","display_name":"Pacific Southwest Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/036a0fn15","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Ritchie","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057834124","display_name":"Paula Anderson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107718","display_name":"Northern Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/019jdc178","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210107718"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129675","display_name":"Pacific Southwest Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/036a0fn15","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Research Station , 5985 Highway K , Rhinelander , WI 54501-9128","US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Research Station , 5985 Highway K , Rhinelander , WI 54501-9128","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avetech Parkway, Redding, CA 96001. Paula Anderson formerly Forestry Sciences Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210129675"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3235,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83831663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"48","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12870","display_name":"Seedling growth and survival studies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12870","display_name":"Seedling growth and survival studies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ponderosa-pine","display_name":"ponderosa pine","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-regeneration","display_name":"natural regeneration","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-selection","display_name":"group selection","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seedling-survival","display_name":"seedling survival","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seedling-growth","display_name":"seedling growth","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manzanita","display_name":"manzanita","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-effects","display_name":"edge effects","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opening-size","display_name":"opening size","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-regeneration","display_name":"forest regeneration","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385709","display_name":"Seedling","level":2,"score":0.6313872337341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5926104187965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36248471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445669","display_name":"Seeding","level":2,"score":0.5149177312850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.5096907615661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150436541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467207","display_name":"Forb","level":3,"score":0.5080838203430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993493234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771018","display_name":"Natural regeneration","level":2,"score":0.5048621296882629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.4731351435184479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128758860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757163","display_name":"Woody plant","level":2,"score":0.4460594356060028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.36192750930786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733","display_name":"Grassland","level":2,"score":0.15910637378692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.13873225450515747}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57128847","display_name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","issn_l":"0885-6095","issn":["0885-6095","1938-3770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8518999814987183,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510109251","https://openalex.org/W1551435026","https://openalex.org/W1570596556","https://openalex.org/W1923567349","https://openalex.org/W1981903823","https://openalex.org/W1993365399","https://openalex.org/W2002309626","https://openalex.org/W2093032548","https://openalex.org/W2108314531","https://openalex.org/W2164870906","https://openalex.org/W2908402820","https://openalex.org/W2950704984","https://openalex.org/W3003972689","https://openalex.org/W3021573614","https://openalex.org/W3126160427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095184432","https://openalex.org/W274194584","https://openalex.org/W2969303411","https://openalex.org/W572121993","https://openalex.org/W2164870906","https://openalex.org/W229545538","https://openalex.org/W1967587464","https://openalex.org/W2508317157","https://openalex.org/W6941297453","https://openalex.org/W2950704984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,21,84],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,30,33,42,48,88,91,113,118,153,200],"this":[4,54],"article":[5],"was":[6,122,156],"to":[7,81,128,145,207],"determine":[8],"whether":[9],"natural":[10,58,140,159,181,184],"regeneration":[11],"or":[12,196],"planted":[13,130,154,174],"seedlings":[14,60,71,133,155,175],"should":[15],"be":[16],"used":[17],"in":[18,74,168,209],"group-selection":[19],"openings.":[20],"answer":[22],"depends":[23],"on":[24,39,50,193],"the":[25,40,43,46,57,63,68,99,169,173,180],"survival":[26],"and":[27,35,45,67,94,102,121,142,211,218],"growth":[28,177,198,213],"rate":[29],"both":[31,215],"types":[32],"seedlings,":[34,141,185,204],"that":[36],"could":[37],"depend":[38],"size":[41,217],"openings":[44],"effect":[47,192],"trees":[49],"their":[51],"edge.":[52,221],"In":[53],"side-by-side":[55],"study,":[56],"pine":[59,132,194],"originated":[61],"from":[62,79,143,187,220],"1988":[64],"seed":[65],"crop":[66],"1\u20130":[69],"nursery-grown":[70],"were":[72,134],"outplanted":[73],"spring":[75],"1989.":[76],"Openings":[77],"ranged":[78],"0.01":[80],"0.65":[82],"ha.":[83],"plant":[85],"community":[86],"consisted":[87],"many":[89],"species":[90],"shrubs,":[92],"forbs,":[93],"grasses":[95],"with":[96,214],"manzanita":[97,108],"having":[98],"highest":[100],"density":[101,112],"greatest":[103],"development.":[104],"After":[105],"9":[106],"years,":[107],"had":[109,190],"an":[110],"average":[111],"13,870":[114],"plants/ha,":[115],"2,050":[116],"m2/ha":[117],"foliar":[119],"cover,":[120],"125":[123],"cm":[124,152],"tall.":[125],"From":[126],"1990":[127],"1997,":[129,146],"ponderosa":[131],"taller":[135],"(P":[136,161],"<":[137,162],"0.05)":[138],"than":[139,158],"1995":[144],"mean":[147],"stem":[148],"diameter":[149,197,212],"at":[150],"30":[151],"larger":[157],"counterparts":[160],"0.05).":[163],"Development":[164],"for":[165],"1":[166],"year":[167],"nursery":[170],"apparently":[171],"gave":[172],"a":[176],"advantage":[178],"over":[179],"seedlings.":[182],"For":[183],"distance":[186,219],"opening":[188,201,216],"edge":[189],"little":[191],"height":[195,210],"regardless":[199],"size.":[202],"Planted":[203],"however,":[205],"appeared":[206],"increase":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
