{"id":"https://openalex.org/W108935599","doi":null,"title":"Consistency as an Issue in EU External Activities. EIPA Working Paper 99/W/06","display_name":"Consistency as an Issue in EU External Activities. EIPA Working Paper 99/W/06","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W108935599","mag":"108935599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aei.pitt.edu:542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://aei.pitt.edu/542/1/99w06.pdf","pdf_url":"http://aei.pitt.edu/542/1/99w06.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401436","display_name":"Archive of European Integration (AEI) (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W108935599"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110232647","display_name":"Simon W. Duke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Duke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110232647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10289","display_name":"European Union Policy and Governance","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10289","display_name":"European Union Policy and Governance","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14302","display_name":"European Politics and Security","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13710","display_name":"European and International Law Studies","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union-external-relations","display_name":"European Union external relations","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-foreign-and-security-policy","display_name":"Common Foreign and Security Policy","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-external-competences","display_name":"EU external competences","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acquis-communautaire","display_name":"acquis communautaire","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maastricht-treaty","display_name":"Maastricht Treaty","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-institutional-framework","display_name":"EU institutional structure","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union-foreign-policy","display_name":"EU external relations","score":0.34599998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.847344160079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.7369691133499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6868192553520203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131569","display_name":"Treaty","level":2,"score":0.5530776977539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105289051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930094","display_name":"Pillar","level":2,"score":0.5230194926261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.513666570186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.44334647059440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28859472274780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.169429749250412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1581767499446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14027971029281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13880321383476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aei.pitt.edu:542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://aei.pitt.edu/542/1/99w06.pdf","pdf_url":"http://aei.pitt.edu/542/1/99w06.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401436","display_name":"Archive of European Integration (AEI) (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"mag:108935599","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://aei.pitt.edu/542/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099815517","https://openalex.org/W1557491197","https://openalex.org/W7169483037","https://openalex.org/W2400887385","https://openalex.org/W7061258850","https://openalex.org/W2333693785","https://openalex.org/W4247130419","https://openalex.org/W7094118847","https://openalex.org/W3098984821","https://openalex.org/W3095684915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"[From":[0],"the":[1,12,32,40,44,51,54,59,65,68,72,76,84,88,91,106,116,124,129,133,160,175,197,200,203,218,231,235,248,278,286,293,303,308,312,315,326,340],"Introduction].":[2],"The":[3,23,110,259,272,333],"European":[4,35,92,179,309],"Community":[5],"(EC)":[6],"was":[7],"initially":[8],"only":[9],"competent":[10],"in":[11,31,64,159,207,240,247,269,277],"area":[13],"of":[14,34,47,50,67,75,100,132,157,170,202,237,250,274,302,306,314],"trade":[15],"and":[16,71,108,119,139,199,215,255,261,318],"gradually":[17],"developed":[18],"a":[19,97,136,171,190,245],"common":[20],"commercial":[21],"policy.":[22],"1970s":[24],"onwards":[25],"saw":[26],"increasing":[27,45],"foreign":[28],"policy":[29],"co-operation":[30],"framework":[33,193],"Political":[36],"Co-operation":[37],"(EPC).":[38],"Over":[39],"next":[41],"two":[42],"decades":[43],"number":[46],"external":[48,61,162,242,251,280],"activities":[49,163,204,243,281],"Union":[52,93,180,185,232,287,327],"highlighted":[53],"need":[55],"for":[56,96],"consistency":[57,158,198,276,307],"between":[58],"EC\u2019s":[60],"competencies":[62],"conducted":[63],"context":[66,249],"first":[69],"pillar":[70,78],"intergovernmental":[73],"ones":[74],"second":[77],"and,":[79,357],"to":[80,115,142,153,209,230,283,324,328,338,350],"an":[81,144],"growing":[82],"extent,":[83],"third":[85],"pillar.":[86],"By":[87],"late":[89],"1990s":[90],"(EU)":[94],"accounted":[95],"greater":[98],"percentage":[99],"global":[101,137],"gross":[102],"national":[103],"product":[104],"than":[105,122],"U.S.":[107,125],"Japan.":[109,127],"EU":[111,134],"also":[112,346],"contributes":[113],"more":[114,146],"UN":[117],"budget":[118],"peacekeeping":[120],"operations":[121],"either":[123],"or":[126],"Given":[128],"enormous":[130],"importance":[131],"as":[135,244,322],"actor":[138],"its":[140,211,241,290],"potential":[141],"play":[143],"even":[145],"influential":[147],"role,":[148],"it":[149,228],"is":[150,229,282,336],"not":[151],"difficult":[152],"see":[154],"why":[155],"concerns":[156],"EU\u2019s":[161],"are":[164,263],"legitimate.":[165],"Consistency":[166],"has":[167],"become":[168],"something":[169],"refrain.":[172],"Most":[173],"recently":[174],"consolidated":[176],"Treaty":[177],"on":[178,292],"(CTEU)":[181],"states":[182],"that,":[183],"'The":[184],"shall":[186,195],"be":[187],"served":[188],"by":[189],"single":[191],"institutional":[192],"which":[194],"ensure":[196,284],"continuity":[201],"carried":[205],"out":[206],"order":[208],"attain":[210],"objectives":[212],"while":[213],"respecting":[214],"building":[216],"upon":[217],"acquis":[219],"communautaire.'":[220],"[CTEU,":[221,296],"1997,":[222,297],"Article":[223,298],"3]":[224],"To":[225],"this":[226,270],"end,":[227],"generally":[233],"that":[234,285],"task":[236],"ensuring":[238],"'consistency":[239],"whole":[246],"relations,":[252],"security,":[253],"economic":[254],"development":[256],"policies'":[257],"falls.":[258],"Council":[260,310],"Commission":[262],"though":[264],"charged":[265],"with":[266,330],"particular":[267],"responsibility":[268],"regard.":[271],"objective":[273],"achieving":[275],"Union\u2019s":[279],"can":[288],"'assert":[289],"identity":[291],"international":[294],"scheme.'":[295],"2]":[299],"In":[300],"support":[301],"general":[304],"theme":[305,335],"identified":[311],"aim":[313],"Common":[316],"Foreign":[317],"Security":[319],"Policy":[320],"(CFSP)":[321],"being":[323],"enable":[325],"speak":[329],"one":[331],"voice.":[332],"same":[334],"returned":[337],"within":[339],"CFSP":[341],"mechanisms,":[342],"both":[343],"directly":[344],"but":[345],"indirectly":[347],"through":[348],"reference":[349],"'common":[351,360],"positions,'":[352],"'joint":[353,355],"decisions,'":[354],"actions,'":[356],"most":[358],"recently,":[359],"strategies.'":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}