{"id":"https://openalex.org/W108202304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","title":"The Conception of Variability in Risk Analyses: Developments Since 1980","display_name":"The Conception of Variability in Risk Analyses: Developments Since 1980","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W108202304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","mag":"108202304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Risk Analysis and Society","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4252218333","display_name":"Risk Analysis and Society"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000762354","display_name":"Dale B. Hattis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130785548","display_name":"Clark University","ror":"https://ror.org/04123ky43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130785548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270891","display_name":"George Perkins Marsh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01gcg6j55","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dale Hattis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development, George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development, George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130785548","https://openalex.org/I4405270891"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000762354"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130785548","https://openalex.org/I4405270891"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02750809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"15","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.548799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.548799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.3617999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.02070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variability","display_name":"variability","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"risk analysis","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error","display_name":"measurement error","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty","display_name":"uncertainty","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-variability","display_name":"stochastic variability","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk","display_name":"relative risk","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"decision-making","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"resource allocation","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-risk","display_name":"philosophy of risk","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6114426851272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.47469109296798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.4550448954105377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.422130286693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41482245922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.40624281764030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3629394769668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2937828600406647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24879738688468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14939472079277039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11263757944107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814662.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Risk Analysis and Society","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86505761","https://openalex.org/W156303140","https://openalex.org/W250565853","https://openalex.org/W275516443","https://openalex.org/W575556124","https://openalex.org/W1505357578","https://openalex.org/W1507663289","https://openalex.org/W1518343236","https://openalex.org/W1538921764","https://openalex.org/W1740207724","https://openalex.org/W1964859318","https://openalex.org/W1965082184","https://openalex.org/W1971180849","https://openalex.org/W1977426512","https://openalex.org/W1987086561","https://openalex.org/W1990538612","https://openalex.org/W2000751444","https://openalex.org/W2001129310","https://openalex.org/W2004458991","https://openalex.org/W2005570340","https://openalex.org/W2005993595","https://openalex.org/W2007253112","https://openalex.org/W2008100685","https://openalex.org/W2026150616","https://openalex.org/W2026977443","https://openalex.org/W2031963757","https://openalex.org/W2033849063","https://openalex.org/W2033880874","https://openalex.org/W2037407098","https://openalex.org/W2037583270","https://openalex.org/W2039501620","https://openalex.org/W2040718471","https://openalex.org/W2045258300","https://openalex.org/W2049587850","https://openalex.org/W2049875817","https://openalex.org/W2053687636","https://openalex.org/W2053899932","https://openalex.org/W2056003964","https://openalex.org/W2057966888","https://openalex.org/W2058891183","https://openalex.org/W2060480431","https://openalex.org/W2062656242","https://openalex.org/W2071850057","https://openalex.org/W2072993076","https://openalex.org/W2079985583","https://openalex.org/W2094607896","https://openalex.org/W2097977930","https://openalex.org/W2112617734","https://openalex.org/W2118785383","https://openalex.org/W2141372183","https://openalex.org/W2146137933","https://openalex.org/W2147704565","https://openalex.org/W2155290692","https://openalex.org/W2170335784","https://openalex.org/W2171007415","https://openalex.org/W2189524789","https://openalex.org/W2248401491","https://openalex.org/W2318698569","https://openalex.org/W2796970347","https://openalex.org/W3148816697","https://openalex.org/W3168149230","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6642371649","https://openalex.org/W6657158110","https://openalex.org/W6705117348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095715297","https://openalex.org/W4388970321","https://openalex.org/W2495063426","https://openalex.org/W1972966642","https://openalex.org/W2572954576","https://openalex.org/W2029166655","https://openalex.org/W2490835688","https://openalex.org/W3020951092","https://openalex.org/W2186660895","https://openalex.org/W2026429278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION":[0],"This":[1],"chapter":[2],"offers":[3],"a":[4,28,143,146],"philosophical":[5],"and":[6,51,60,74,97,131,220,258],"historical":[7],"perspective":[8],"on":[9,71],"the":[10,13,18,35,66,72,91,107,113,116,136,152,158,200,210,214,222,238,248],"development":[11],"of":[12,15,30,37,79,94,109,115,129,138,212,225,250],"concept":[14],"\u201cvariability\u201d":[16,80],"in":[17,88,145,154,184],"last":[19],"few":[20],"decades.":[21],"The":[22,41],"goal":[23],"is":[24,68,106,118],"not":[25],"to":[26,69,172,217,228,233],"provide":[27],"treatment":[29],"modern":[31],"mathematical":[32],"techniques":[33],"for":[34,76,100,102,196,207,236],"analysis":[36,57],"data":[38],"indicating":[39],"variability.":[40],"recent":[42],"literature":[43],"contains":[44],"excellent":[45],"works":[46],"that":[47,85,105,168,245],"document":[48],"analytical":[49],"tools":[50],"are":[52,161,240],"eminently":[53],"usable":[54],"by":[55],"risk":[56,110],"practitioners":[58],"(Cullen":[59],"Frey,":[61],"1999;":[62],"Thompson,":[63],"1999).":[64],"Rather,":[65],"object":[67],"reflect":[70,151],"significance":[73],"prospects":[75],"quantitative":[77,189],"assessment":[78],"as":[81,135,164,243],"an":[82,165],"intellectual":[83],"innovation":[84,117],"has":[86,193],"emerged":[87],"part":[89],"from":[90,124],"interdisciplinary":[92],"fusion":[93],"ideas,":[95],"techniques,":[96],"social":[98],"needs":[99],"information":[101,156],"decision":[103],"making":[104],"discipline":[108],"analysis.":[111],"Briefly,":[112],"nub":[114],"distinguishing":[119],"real":[120,180,188,194],"variation":[121,190],"among":[122,175,191,199],"things":[123,230,239],"measurement":[125],"errors,":[126],"other":[127,254],"sources":[128],"uncertainties,":[130],"stochastic":[132],"fluctuations":[133],"(such":[134],"numbers":[137],"cosmic":[139],"rays":[140],"arriving":[141],"at":[142],"detector":[144],"specified":[147],"interval).":[148],"Where":[149],"uncertainties":[150],"imperfections":[153],"available":[155],"about":[157],"world":[159],"(and":[160],"often":[162],"seen":[163],"annoying":[166],"fog":[167],"obscures":[169],"investigators'":[170],"ability":[171],"demonstrate":[173],"differences":[174,205],"groups,":[176],"but":[177],"with":[178],"no":[179],"consequence":[181],"or":[182,253],"interest":[183],"itself;":[185],"Hattis,":[186],"1996),":[187],"things/people":[192,219],"implications":[195],"differential":[197],"behavior":[198],"\u201cthings\u201d":[201],"being":[202],"studied.":[203],"Such":[204],"can,":[206],"example,":[208,237],"take":[209],"forms":[211],"(a)":[213],"relative":[215,223],"risks":[216],"those":[218],"(b)":[221],"desirability":[224],"devoting":[226],"resources":[227],"some":[229],"rather":[231],"than":[232],"others":[234],"(if,":[235],"categories":[241],"such":[242],"industries":[244],"could":[246],"be":[247],"subjects":[249],"safety":[251],"inspections":[252],"resource-consuming":[255],"activities)":[256],"(Hattis":[257],"Goble,":[259],"1994).":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}