{"id":"https://openalex.org/W106165207","doi":null,"title":"Protective effect of isoprinosine in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major.","display_name":"Protective effect of isoprinosine in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major.","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W106165207","mag":"106165207","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1718853","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1384666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:1718853","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1718853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1384666/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023223536","display_name":"Enr\u00ecco Cillari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-6887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-6887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Cillari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112022023","display_name":"M Dieli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Dieli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P Lo Campo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Lo Campo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039175745","display_name":"Guido Sireci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-0155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-0155"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Sireci","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025533542","display_name":"A Caffarelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Caffarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060031671","display_name":"E Maltese","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Maltese","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055237869","display_name":"Stephanie M. Millott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Millott","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041304849","display_name":"Salvatore Milano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Milano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109053429","display_name":"Foo Yew Liew","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Y Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85906522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10695","display_name":"Parasites and Host Interactions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoprinosine","display_name":"isoprinosine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cutaneous-leishmaniasis","display_name":"cutaneous leishmaniasis","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leishmania-major","display_name":"Leishmania major","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balb-c-mice","display_name":"BALB/c mice","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-cd8-ratio","display_name":"CD4/CD8 ratio","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th1-th2-balance","display_name":"Th1/Th2 balance","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-4","display_name":"IL-4","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-3","display_name":"interleukin-3","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-2","display_name":"interleukin-2","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd8-t-cells","display_name":"CD8+ T cells","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-resistance-to-infection","display_name":"host resistance to infection","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780931953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9371","display_name":"Spleen","level":2,"score":0.7349095344543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167672396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800","display_name":"CD8","level":3,"score":0.5843855738639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781092759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524818","display_name":"Leishmania","level":3,"score":0.5820698142051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5178766250610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.48758620023727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780599195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1950715","display_name":"Leishmania major","level":4,"score":0.48073649406433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19869320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419277","display_name":"Concanavalin A","level":3,"score":0.44353947043418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777371288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410130","display_name":"Interleukin 2","level":3,"score":0.41598203778266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.36632978916168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.34957873821258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.34299522638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3306480646133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.3300841450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.31690865755081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71928629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206","display_name":"Parasite hosting","level":2,"score":0.12359198927879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000953","descriptor_name":"Antigens, Protozoan","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007376","descriptor_name":"Interleukin-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007542","descriptor_name":"Inosine Pranobex","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007895","descriptor_name":"Leishmania tropica","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007958","descriptor_name":"Leukocyte Count","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008807","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred BALB C","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013154","descriptor_name":"Spleen","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013601","descriptor_name":"T-Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015703","descriptor_name":"Antigens, CD","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015847","descriptor_name":"Interleukin-4","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016773","descriptor_name":"Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016773","descriptor_name":"Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:1718853","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1718853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1384666","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1384666/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunology","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:106165207","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1718853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1384666","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1384666/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunology","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W308584785","https://openalex.org/W1506022442","https://openalex.org/W1512629201","https://openalex.org/W1520397820","https://openalex.org/W1548060537","https://openalex.org/W1552039120","https://openalex.org/W1552732999","https://openalex.org/W1586303953","https://openalex.org/W1665659501","https://openalex.org/W1739247159","https://openalex.org/W1800390635","https://openalex.org/W1811722234","https://openalex.org/W1964323119","https://openalex.org/W1976188303","https://openalex.org/W1979362957","https://openalex.org/W2008694592","https://openalex.org/W2017138909","https://openalex.org/W2032160478","https://openalex.org/W2041002242","https://openalex.org/W2041765961","https://openalex.org/W2047309304","https://openalex.org/W2058046409","https://openalex.org/W2087587775","https://openalex.org/W2087777468","https://openalex.org/W2110068838","https://openalex.org/W2127278205","https://openalex.org/W2152989391","https://openalex.org/W2402800481","https://openalex.org/W2444674920","https://openalex.org/W2466314335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1818696466","https://openalex.org/W2163781429","https://openalex.org/W1994527381","https://openalex.org/W2053708558","https://openalex.org/W2041765961","https://openalex.org/W2143157380","https://openalex.org/W2149944440","https://openalex.org/W1990393131","https://openalex.org/W1665659501","https://openalex.org/W2011732443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,41,56],"effects":[1],"of":[2,30,80,84,99,107,115,142],"an":[3,12],"immunopotentiating":[4],"drug":[5,42],"Inosine":[6],"Pranobex":[7],"(isoprinosine)":[8],"were":[9],"investigated":[10],"in":[11,54,58,70,96,104,118,139],"experimental":[13],"cutaneous":[14],"leishmaniasis":[15],"model.":[16],"highly":[18],"susceptible":[19],"BALB/c":[20],"mice":[21,86,117,150],"treated":[22],"orally":[23],"with":[24,34,123,151,160],"isoprinosine":[25,154,164],"developed":[26],"significantly":[27],"delayed":[28],"onset":[29],"disease":[31],"when":[32],"infected":[33],"Leishmania":[35],"major":[36,62,127],"compared":[37,87,129],"to":[38,47,51,60,88,120,130,168],"untreated":[39,89,131],"mice.":[40,90],"itself":[43],"is":[44,64],"not":[45],"toxic":[46],"the":[48,71,75,81,97,105,112,140,146,161,166,173,179],"parasite":[49],"up":[50],"millimolar":[52],"levels":[53],"vitro.":[55],"increase":[57,95],"resistance":[59,167],"L.":[61,126],"infection":[63,128,170],"accompanied":[65],"by":[66,111,145,171,185],"a":[67,93,102],"marked":[68],"decrease":[69,103],"CD4+/CD8+":[72],"ratio":[73],"and":[74,109,177],"leishmanial":[76,169],"antigen-specific":[77],"proliferative":[78],"response":[79,119],"spleen":[82,113,147],"cells":[83,114,148,176,182],"isoprinosine-treated":[85,116],"There":[91,133],"was":[92],"significant":[94,137],"production":[98,144],"IFN-gamma":[100],"but":[101],"secretion":[106],"IL-3":[108],"IL-4":[110],"concanavalin":[121],"A":[122],"or":[124,152],"without":[125,153],"controls.":[132],"was,":[134],"however,":[135],"no":[136],"difference":[138],"level":[141],"IL-2":[143],"between":[149],"treatment.":[155],"These":[156],"data":[157],"are":[158],"consistent":[159],"interpretation":[162],"that":[163],"potentiates":[165],"up-regulating":[172],"host-protective":[174],"Th1":[175],"down-regulating":[178],"disease-promoting":[180],"Th2":[181],"or,":[183],"alternatively,":[184],"increasing":[186],"CD8+":[187],"T-cell":[188],"function.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
