{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1040772368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/07-sts249","title":"The Epic Story of Maximum Likelihood","display_name":"The Epic Story of Maximum Likelihood","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1040772368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/07-sts249","mag":"1040772368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1214/07-sts249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/07-sts249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1214/07-sts249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12967704","display_name":"Statistical Science","issn_l":"0883-4237","issn":["0883-4237","2168-8745"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319881","host_organization_name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Mathematical Statistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistical Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107871614","display_name":"Stephen M. Stigler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen M. Stigler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107871614"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6021,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":188,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98279475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"598","last_page":"620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12170","display_name":"History and Theory of Mathematics","score":0.67330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12170","display_name":"History and Theory of Mathematics","score":0.67330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.23250000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.026799999177455902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood-estimation","display_name":"maximum likelihood estimation","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-statistics","display_name":"history of statistics","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-a-fisher","display_name":"R. A. Fisher","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cramer-rao-inequality","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r-Rao inequality","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-inequality","display_name":"information inequality","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analysis-of-variance","display_name":"analysis of variance","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimating-functions","display_name":"estimating functions","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lagrange","display_name":"Lagrange","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplace","display_name":"Laplace","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauss","display_name":"Gauss","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daniel-bernoulli","display_name":"Daniel Bernoulli","score":0.8009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5776810646057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5394006967544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152361515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","level":2,"score":0.529448926448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.5139455199241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.479361355304718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4491104185581207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.4480840265750885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.4421314299106598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4229891896247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26876839995384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.26076799631118774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2291470468044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.18239110708236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1214/07-sts249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/07-sts249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1214/07-sts249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12967704","display_name":"Statistical Science","issn_l":"0883-4237","issn":["0883-4237","2168-8745"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319881","host_organization_name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Mathematical Statistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistical Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0804.2996","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.2996","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.313.4046","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.313.4046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2996v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.559.3427","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.559.3427","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.stat.ualberta.ca/~wiens/stat665/StatSci - maximum likelihood.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.562.2438","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.562.2438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~strimmer/lab/courses/ss09/current-topics/download/stigler2007.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CULeuclid:euclid.ss/1207580174","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ss/1207580174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400787","display_name":"Project Euclid (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.0804.2996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0804.2996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0804.2996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:1040772368","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4617513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13624874","display_name":"Quality Engineering","issn_l":"0898-2112","issn":["0898-2112","1532-4222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quality Engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0804.2996","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.2996","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320978","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1040772368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1040772368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62875272","https://openalex.org/W78421548","https://openalex.org/W213901256","https://openalex.org/W437016257","https://openalex.org/W581291611","https://openalex.org/W603839927","https://openalex.org/W629338568","https://openalex.org/W1460189015","https://openalex.org/W1480377623","https://openalex.org/W1498066347","https://openalex.org/W1508509455","https://openalex.org/W1517482173","https://openalex.org/W1521267074","https://openalex.org/W1603229692","https://openalex.org/W1705752413","https://openalex.org/W1848706969","https://openalex.org/W1964926783","https://openalex.org/W1968188346","https://openalex.org/W1968367032","https://openalex.org/W1973849972","https://openalex.org/W1974954561","https://openalex.org/W1975408228","https://openalex.org/W1983209955","https://openalex.org/W1988854412","https://openalex.org/W1991996510","https://openalex.org/W1993965110","https://openalex.org/W2000507951","https://openalex.org/W2002578020","https://openalex.org/W2003001219","https://openalex.org/W2005825070","https://openalex.org/W2006681603","https://openalex.org/W2016966976","https://openalex.org/W2024140292","https://openalex.org/W2026693785","https://openalex.org/W2031283619","https://openalex.org/W2033406710","https://openalex.org/W2033750889","https://openalex.org/W2034767804","https://openalex.org/W2041787560","https://openalex.org/W2050275369","https://openalex.org/W2050947563","https://openalex.org/W2053565514","https://openalex.org/W2054150745","https://openalex.org/W2057049867","https://openalex.org/W2067342226","https://openalex.org/W2071706879","https://openalex.org/W2076984014","https://openalex.org/W2078814805","https://openalex.org/W2080040321","https://openalex.org/W2082947523","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2086999541","https://openalex.org/W2089025552","https://openalex.org/W2091982107","https://openalex.org/W2092743072","https://openalex.org/W2094438284","https://openalex.org/W2122686681","https://openalex.org/W2145890287","https://openalex.org/W2147388619","https://openalex.org/W2167619573","https://openalex.org/W2260938729","https://openalex.org/W2266892054","https://openalex.org/W2290195878","https://openalex.org/W2296814610","https://openalex.org/W2314083258","https://openalex.org/W2317020560","https://openalex.org/W2322461341","https://openalex.org/W2325827597","https://openalex.org/W2326473677","https://openalex.org/W2327949992","https://openalex.org/W2333131589","https://openalex.org/W2475483989","https://openalex.org/W2478114083","https://openalex.org/W2479842962","https://openalex.org/W2503329130","https://openalex.org/W2524449277","https://openalex.org/W2541820485","https://openalex.org/W2590078798","https://openalex.org/W2606716513","https://openalex.org/W2752145877","https://openalex.org/W2801625288","https://openalex.org/W3023201739","https://openalex.org/W4231387923","https://openalex.org/W4242581942","https://openalex.org/W4249503460","https://openalex.org/W4251303747","https://openalex.org/W4256322729","https://openalex.org/W4299639444","https://openalex.org/W6697660247","https://openalex.org/W6753645147","https://openalex.org/W6820195674","https://openalex.org/W7008913382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100536775","https://openalex.org/W213901256","https://openalex.org/W2147388619","https://openalex.org/W2317020560","https://openalex.org/W2333131589","https://openalex.org/W4406363389","https://openalex.org/W2325274047","https://openalex.org/W2097714988","https://openalex.org/W2965351525","https://openalex.org/W4235169387"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"a":[1,60,73],"superficial":[2],"level,":[3],"the":[4,20,84,88,120,143,151,160,171,184,196],"idea":[5],"of":[6,23,30,72,75,87,116,145,157,164,174,183,198],"maximum":[7,24,165],"likelihood":[8,166],"must":[9],"be":[10,190],"prehistoric:":[11],"early":[12],"hunters":[13],"and":[14,32,36,109,162,170,200,222],"gatherers":[15],"may":[16],"not":[17,122],"have":[18,46],"used":[19],"words":[21],"\u201cmethod":[22],"likelihood\u201d":[25],"to":[26,34,42,68,142,189,217],"describe":[27],"their":[28,50],"choice":[29],"where":[31],"how":[33],"hunt":[35],"gather,":[37],"but":[38,97],"it":[39],"is":[40,94,135,168,187,220],"hard":[41],"believe":[43],"they":[44],"would":[45,66,127],"been":[47,53],"surprised":[48],"if":[49],"method":[51,74],"had":[52],"described":[54],"in":[55,70,124],"those":[56,117],"terms.":[57],"It":[58],"seems":[59],"simple,":[61],"even":[62,79],"unassailable":[63],"idea:":[64],"Who":[65],"rise":[67],"argue":[69],"favor":[71],"minimum":[76],"likelihood,":[77],"or":[78],"mediocre":[80],"likelihood?":[81],"And":[82],"yet":[83],"mathematical":[85,172],"history":[86,134],"topic":[89],"shows":[90],"this":[91,131],"\u201csimple":[92],"idea\u201d":[93],"really":[95],"anything":[96],"simple.":[98],"Joseph":[99],"Louis":[100],"Lagrange,":[101],"Daniel":[102],"Bernoulli,":[103],"Leonard":[104],"Euler,":[105],"Pierre":[106],"Simon":[107],"Laplace":[108],"Carl":[110],"Friedrich":[111],"Gauss":[112],"are":[113],"only":[114],"some":[115,223],"who":[118],"explored":[119],"topic,":[121],"always":[123],"ways":[125],"we":[126],"sanction":[128],"today.":[129],"In":[130,150,179],"article,":[132],"that":[133],"reviewed":[136],"from":[137,192,209],"back":[138],"well":[139],"before":[140],"Fisher":[141],"time":[144],"Lucien":[146],"Le":[147],"Cam\u2019s":[148],"dissertation.":[149],"process":[152],"Fisher\u2019s":[153,181,218],"unpublished":[154],"1930":[155],"characterization":[156],"conditions":[158],"for":[159,212],"consistency":[161],"efficiency":[163],"estimates":[167],"presented,":[169],"basis":[173],"his":[175,193,201],"three":[176],"proofs":[177],"discussed.":[178],"particular,":[180],"derivation":[182],"information":[185],"inequality":[186],"seen":[188],"derived":[191,208],"work":[194,219],"on":[195],"analysis":[197],"variance,":[199],"later":[202],"approach":[203],"via":[204],"estimating":[205],"functions":[206],"was":[207],"Euler\u2019s":[210],"Relation":[211],"homogeneous":[213],"functions.":[214],"The":[215],"reaction":[216],"reviewed,":[221],"lessons":[224],"drawn.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
