{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1009127","doi":null,"title":"Assessment of serum albumin concentration as a risk factor for stroke and coronary disease in African Americans and whites.","display_name":"Assessment of serum albumin concentration as a risk factor for stroke and coronary disease in African Americans and whites.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1009127","mag":"1009127","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10800280","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2640508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2640508","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2640508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2640508","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039375728","display_name":"Richard Frank Gillum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-3837","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-3837"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330589705","display_name":"National Center for Health Statistics","ror":"https://ror.org/03p15s250","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1330589705"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R F Gillum","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1330589705"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039375728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1330589705"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.726,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73179835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"92","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13522","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors","score":0.7235999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13522","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors","score":0.7235999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10394","display_name":"Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health","score":0.1421000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11355","display_name":"Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-albumin","display_name":"serum albumin","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke","display_name":"stroke","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-disease","display_name":"coronary artery disease","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-factors","display_name":"cardiovascular risk factors","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bradford-hill-criteria","display_name":"Bradford Hill criteria","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-relationship","display_name":"causal relationship","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-mortality","display_name":"cardiovascular mortality","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8034358024597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6586690545082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.6215206980705261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5684970021247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.5475594997406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776125364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169219","display_name":"Albumin","level":2,"score":0.5159376263618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.49371275305747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.4556451737880707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018906752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary heart disease","level":2,"score":0.44347426295280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165616093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424232","display_name":"Serum albumin","level":2,"score":0.44207143783569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.41809216141700745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4109744429588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012709","descriptor_name":"Serum Albumin","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015996","descriptor_name":"Survival Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2640508","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2640508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:10800280","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10800280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Medical Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:1009127","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10800280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2640508","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2640508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33620320","https://openalex.org/W1951954685","https://openalex.org/W1961503894","https://openalex.org/W1965321948","https://openalex.org/W1981361599","https://openalex.org/W1990999359","https://openalex.org/W1994740328","https://openalex.org/W1998170975","https://openalex.org/W2005640004","https://openalex.org/W2007415052","https://openalex.org/W2027756196","https://openalex.org/W2036860117","https://openalex.org/W2040032538","https://openalex.org/W2049301066","https://openalex.org/W2058028170","https://openalex.org/W2058038145","https://openalex.org/W2072359377","https://openalex.org/W2076981071","https://openalex.org/W2077555687","https://openalex.org/W2087199747","https://openalex.org/W2090119255","https://openalex.org/W2100274366","https://openalex.org/W2102278463","https://openalex.org/W2103077445","https://openalex.org/W2115362347","https://openalex.org/W2121534990","https://openalex.org/W2127298889","https://openalex.org/W2135479614","https://openalex.org/W2144775813","https://openalex.org/W2167865562","https://openalex.org/W2169302466","https://openalex.org/W2212323528","https://openalex.org/W2266986250","https://openalex.org/W2301195941","https://openalex.org/W2313059156","https://openalex.org/W2324841714","https://openalex.org/W2406699965","https://openalex.org/W4253588582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100274366","https://openalex.org/W2049301066","https://openalex.org/W2027742319","https://openalex.org/W4247537934","https://openalex.org/W2120098674","https://openalex.org/W2406699965","https://openalex.org/W7097732056","https://openalex.org/W2077555687","https://openalex.org/W2161935483","https://openalex.org/W7098600842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Relatively":[0],"high":[1],"serum":[2,61,117],"albumin":[3,62,118],"levels":[4,8],"compared":[5],"to":[6,39,54,110],"low":[7],"have":[9],"been":[10],"associated":[11],"with":[12],"reduced":[13],"cardiovascular":[14,66,122],"mortality":[15],"and":[16,20,63,85,101,124],"coronary":[17],"heart":[18],"disease":[19,123],"stroke":[21],"incidence.":[22],"The":[23],"nature":[24],"of":[25,34,57,60,65,74,81,96,98,116,121],"these":[26],"associations":[27],"remains":[28],"undefined.":[29],"Therefore,":[30],"widely":[31],"accepted":[32],"criteria":[33,51],"Bradford":[35],"Hill":[36],"were":[37,52],"used":[38],"assess":[40],"the":[41,44,55,99,114],"likelihood":[42],"that":[43],"association":[45,71,93],"is":[46],"a":[47,69,91],"causal":[48,70,92],"one.":[49],"These":[50],"applied":[53],"findings":[56,82],"published":[58],"studies":[59,84,107],"risk":[64],"disease.":[67],"Favoring":[68],"are":[72,94,108],"lack":[73,95],"temporal":[75],"ambiguity":[76],"in":[77],"cohort":[78],"studies,":[79],"consistency":[80],"among":[83,103],"biologically":[86],"plausible":[87],"mechanisms.":[88],"Not":[89],"favoring":[90],"specificity":[97],"association,":[100],"inconsistency":[102],"age-,":[104],"sex-groups.":[105],"Further":[106],"needed":[109],"elucidate":[111],"mechanisms":[112],"for":[113],"effect":[115],"on":[119],"incidence":[120],"death.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}