{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1002594733","doi":null,"title":"Antibody Conjugates via Disulfide Bridging: Towards therapeutic and diagnostic applications","display_name":"Antibody Conjugates via Disulfide Bridging: Towards therapeutic and diagnostic applications","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1002594733","mag":"1002594733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1002594733","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1461131/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306508231","display_name":"Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023139798","display_name":"EA Hull","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"EA Hull","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023139798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11440","display_name":"Click Chemistry and Applications","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10911","display_name":"Chemical Synthesis and Analysis","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody-conjugates","display_name":"antibody conjugates","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/site-specific-conjugation","display_name":"site-specific conjugation","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bispecific-antibodies","display_name":"bispecific antibodies","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adept","display_name":"ADEPT","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immuno-pet","display_name":"immuno-PET","score":0.9559999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23963754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4914729","display_name":"Bioconjugation","level":2,"score":0.9175736904144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197336794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5161150","display_name":"Conjugate","level":2,"score":0.7078070640563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776904630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356336","display_name":"Adept","level":3,"score":0.6862967610359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6693432927131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21951064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212","display_name":"Combinatorial chemistry","level":1,"score":0.5924167633056641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780105360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6743002","display_name":"Maleimide","level":2,"score":0.5842547416687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184133267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090480","display_name":"Chemical modification","level":2,"score":0.5283445119857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780557392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523796","display_name":"Linker","level":2,"score":0.5200942754745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.5145203471183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186474","display_name":"Cysteine","level":3,"score":0.41658756136894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.41072559356689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108215921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603741","display_name":"Prodrug","level":2,"score":0.3587336242198944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.2844230532646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.1957988142967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1151435375213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1002594733","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1461131/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306508231","display_name":"Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":176,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104571677","https://openalex.org/W163336582","https://openalex.org/W179641908","https://openalex.org/W563130335","https://openalex.org/W1505534997","https://openalex.org/W1572912927","https://openalex.org/W1578375703","https://openalex.org/W1580407891","https://openalex.org/W1587427475","https://openalex.org/W1846243321","https://openalex.org/W1848910860","https://openalex.org/W1900100949","https://openalex.org/W1918791454","https://openalex.org/W1965067289","https://openalex.org/W1965731293","https://openalex.org/W1966000502","https://openalex.org/W1967768492","https://openalex.org/W1967885514","https://openalex.org/W1968158182","https://openalex.org/W1968222033","https://openalex.org/W1968277831","https://openalex.org/W1968652549","https://openalex.org/W1971628354","https://openalex.org/W1971645603","https://openalex.org/W1972352833","https://openalex.org/W1975940614","https://openalex.org/W1978229469","https://openalex.org/W1979790600","https://openalex.org/W1981793850","https://openalex.org/W1982043116","https://openalex.org/W1982987387","https://openalex.org/W1983430641","https://openalex.org/W1983494459","https://openalex.org/W1983748607","https://openalex.org/W1986028086","https://openalex.org/W1987913042","https://openalex.org/W1989053318","https://openalex.org/W1993575340","https://openalex.org/W1995602578","https://openalex.org/W1997477268","https://openalex.org/W1997537633","https://openalex.org/W2000213611","https://openalex.org/W2000375213","https://openalex.org/W2003052374","https://openalex.org/W2003317718","https://openalex.org/W2005807432","https://openalex.org/W2006253622","https://openalex.org/W2007107550","https://openalex.org/W2007516728","https://openalex.org/W2008890466","https://openalex.org/W2009013652","https://openalex.org/W2009029880","https://openalex.org/W2009179035","https://openalex.org/W2010962189","https://openalex.org/W2018650843","https://openalex.org/W2020584795","https://openalex.org/W2021320094","https://openalex.org/W2021396643","https://openalex.org/W2021621347","https://openalex.org/W2022234371","https://openalex.org/W2023034663","https://openalex.org/W2025898599","https://openalex.org/W2026370963","https://openalex.org/W2027534581","https://openalex.org/W2028697515","https://openalex.org/W2030522563","https://openalex.org/W2033439473","https://openalex.org/W2037185277","https://openalex.org/W2038221005","https://openalex.org/W2039730742","https://openalex.org/W2041469065","https://openalex.org/W2043825890","https://openalex.org/W2044464784","https://openalex.org/W2046185660","https://openalex.org/W2046522614","https://openalex.org/W2046651696","https://openalex.org/W2048254480","https://openalex.org/W2048313558","https://openalex.org/W2048592380","https://openalex.org/W2050754173","https://openalex.org/W2051692797","https://openalex.org/W2052699946","https://openalex.org/W2053800409","https://openalex.org/W2055713782","https://openalex.org/W2057190510","https://openalex.org/W2057922188","https://openalex.org/W2058082185","https://openalex.org/W2058332629","https://openalex.org/W2059584947","https://openalex.org/W2061020069","https://openalex.org/W2062013025","https://openalex.org/W2064729690","https://openalex.org/W2065300548","https://openalex.org/W2065772096","https://openalex.org/W2066800277","https://openalex.org/W2068249194","https://openalex.org/W2068258715","https://openalex.org/W2068436442","https://openalex.org/W2071419168","https://openalex.org/W2073180572","https://openalex.org/W2073920159","https://openalex.org/W2074598941","https://openalex.org/W2075097399","https://openalex.org/W2077116582","https://openalex.org/W2077790287","https://openalex.org/W2078111979","https://openalex.org/W2080232093","https://openalex.org/W2081306620","https://openalex.org/W2084414069","https://openalex.org/W2087777969","https://openalex.org/W2087847840","https://openalex.org/W2088005853","https://openalex.org/W2089023076","https://openalex.org/W2090760008","https://openalex.org/W2090983365","https://openalex.org/W2091229935","https://openalex.org/W2093451978","https://openalex.org/W2098577546","https://openalex.org/W2099994895","https://openalex.org/W2100410983","https://openalex.org/W2102107981","https://openalex.org/W2104402714","https://openalex.org/W2106751755","https://openalex.org/W2108146212","https://openalex.org/W2111789849","https://openalex.org/W2112511313","https://openalex.org/W2113429720","https://openalex.org/W2116150122","https://openalex.org/W2117052700","https://openalex.org/W2117652061","https://openalex.org/W2121927641","https://openalex.org/W2124071121","https://openalex.org/W2124268486","https://openalex.org/W2126183505","https://openalex.org/W2127717408","https://openalex.org/W2128057497","https://openalex.org/W2129108292","https://openalex.org/W2133105825","https://openalex.org/W2136616255","https://openalex.org/W2138223986","https://openalex.org/W2141445667","https://openalex.org/W2141467958","https://openalex.org/W2144782918","https://openalex.org/W2145662716","https://openalex.org/W2146330193","https://openalex.org/W2146684793","https://openalex.org/W2148313902","https://openalex.org/W2151119213","https://openalex.org/W2151709132","https://openalex.org/W2153699864","https://openalex.org/W2153950991","https://openalex.org/W2154302491","https://openalex.org/W2155545101","https://openalex.org/W2156037313","https://openalex.org/W2158821343","https://openalex.org/W2159652977","https://openalex.org/W2161227647","https://openalex.org/W2161875770","https://openalex.org/W2162388642","https://openalex.org/W2165390726","https://openalex.org/W2166498854","https://openalex.org/W2166771133","https://openalex.org/W2168220893","https://openalex.org/W2169992767","https://openalex.org/W2170426247","https://openalex.org/W2172081763","https://openalex.org/W2172118161","https://openalex.org/W2320921669","https://openalex.org/W2326085690","https://openalex.org/W2405066143","https://openalex.org/W2764930344","https://openalex.org/W2949103399","https://openalex.org/W2950988434","https://openalex.org/W4233865241","https://openalex.org/W4256503849","https://openalex.org/W4313310999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021375726","https://openalex.org/W7009387091","https://openalex.org/W3103454309","https://openalex.org/W2934221514","https://openalex.org/W2981722735","https://openalex.org/W4308185517","https://openalex.org/W2963810811","https://openalex.org/W7216495486","https://openalex.org/W2896749190","https://openalex.org/W48347220"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Antibodies":[0],"play":[1],"a":[2,28,86,173,205,233,271,298,308],"prominent":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,19,36,229,245],"chemical":[6,15,59,94,138,189,207],"and":[7,10,52,77,114,148,180,187,197,217,244,260,307],"biological":[8],"research":[9],"the":[11,20,48,63,90,132,141,145,159,198,268,277,295],"largest":[12],"application":[13],"of":[14,22,30,50,65,85,93,137,150,161,185,200,240,248,270,274,279,297],"bioconjugation":[16,139],"reagents":[17,283,312],"is":[18,73,170,255,290,305],"production":[21],"antibody":[23,81,225,262],"conjugates.":[24],"These":[25],"conjugates":[26,45,82,164,177,214],"provide":[27],"means":[29],"highly":[31,68],"sensitive":[32],"detection,":[33],"for":[34,62,78,178,267,287,294,314],"example":[35],"enzyme-linked":[37],"immunosorbent":[38],"assay":[39],"(ELISA)":[40],"systems.":[41],"In":[42,104,156],"therapeutics,":[43],"such":[44],"have":[46],"enabled":[47],"development":[49],"bispecifics":[51],"antibody-enzyme":[53],"directed":[54],"prodrug":[55],"therapy":[56],"(ADEPT).":[57],"Long-established":[58],"modification":[60,147,296],"techniques":[61],"conjugation":[64,125],"antibodies":[66,241,286],"yield":[67,231],"heterogeneous":[69],"products.":[70],"This":[71,253],"heterogeneity":[72],"far":[74],"from":[75],"optimal":[76],"therapeutic":[79],"use":[80,128],"must":[83,110],"be":[84],"defined":[87],"composition.":[88],"Recently":[89],"site-specific":[91],"introduction":[92],"linkers":[95],"has":[96],"been":[97],"reported":[98],"through":[99,257],"unnatural":[100],"amino":[101],"acid":[102],"insertion.":[103],"this":[105,157],"approach":[106,202],"however,":[107],"each":[108,201],"protein":[109,153],"undergo":[111],"successful":[112],"mutation":[113],"expression":[115],"prior":[116],"to":[117,131,209,284],"conjugation.":[118],"To":[119],"avoid":[120],"this,":[121],"an":[122],"ideal":[123],"site-directed":[124],"technique":[126],"would":[127],"residues":[129],"natural":[130],"protein.":[133],"A":[134,183,223,292],"new":[135,206],"class":[136],"reagents,":[140],"3,4-substituted":[142,166,280],"maleimides,":[143],"allow":[144],"selective":[146],"bridging":[149,194,218],"naturally":[151],"occurring":[152],"disulfide":[154,193,219],"bonds.":[155],"thesis,":[158],"generation":[160],"homogeneous":[162],"antibody-protein":[163],"using":[165,232],"maleimide":[167,281],"based":[168,282],"cross-linkers":[169],"investigated,":[171],"with":[172,301],"focus":[174],"on":[175],"producing":[176],"ADEPT":[179],"bispecific":[181,224],"therapeutics.":[182],"range":[184,273],"direct":[186],"indirect":[188],"cross-linking":[190],"strategies":[191],"via":[192],"are":[195],"explored":[196],"consequences":[199],"examined.":[203],"Ultimately,":[204],"platform":[208],"generate":[210],"site-specific,":[211],"homogeneous,":[212],"antibody-antibody":[213],"by":[215],"targeting":[216],"bonds":[220],"was":[221,227,242,251],"developed.":[222],"construct":[226,300],"produced":[228],"good":[230],"readily":[234],"synthesised":[235],"bis-dibromomaleimide":[236],"cross-linker.":[237],"Binding":[238],"activity":[239],"maintained,":[243],"vitro":[246],"binding":[247],"target":[249],"antigens":[250],"observed.":[252],"technology":[254],"demonstrated":[256],"linking":[258],"scFv":[259],"Fab":[261],"fragments,":[263],"showing":[264],"its":[265],"potential":[266],"construction":[269],"diverse":[272],"bispecifics.":[275],"Finally,":[276],"ability":[278],"functionalise":[285],"diagnostic":[288],"applications":[289,316],"investigated.":[291],"strategy":[293],"scFv-Fc":[299],"commercially":[302],"available":[303],"fluorophores":[304],"achieved":[306],"synthetic":[309],"route":[310],"towards":[311],"suitable":[313],"immuno-PET":[315],"determined.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}