{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13566","display_name":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","description":"This cluster of papers explores the global phenomenon of shadow education, focusing on private tutoring, supplementary education demand, inequality in schooling systems, parental involvement, and academic achievement. It includes cross-national comparisons and discussions on policy responses to the growing prevalence of shadow education.","keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-tutoring","display_name":"private tutoring","score":0.4933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-education","display_name":"shadow education","score":0.8187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-reduction-policy","display_name":"Double Reduction policy","score":0.3127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram-schools","display_name":"cram schools","score":0.4871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/after-school-tutoring","display_name":"after-school tutoring","score":0.3739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-supplementary-tutoring","display_name":"private supplementary tutoring","score":0.9632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracurricular-tutoring","display_name":"extracurricular tutoring","score":0.3344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-expenditure-on-education","display_name":"private education expenditure","score":0.2701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplementary-tutoring","display_name":"supplementary tutoring","score":0.772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutoring-industry","display_name":"tutoring industry","score":0.6144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-education-expenditure","display_name":"household education expenditure","score":0.225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutoring-costs","display_name":"tutoring costs","score":0.7434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-academic-burden","display_name":"student academic burden","score":0.2038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juku","display_name":"juku","score":0.5345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplemental-educational-services","display_name":"supplemental educational services","score":0.3563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-tutoring-costs","display_name":"private tutoring costs","score":0.6549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-spending-on-education","display_name":"household education spending","score":0.2484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/after-school-classes","display_name":"after-school classes","score":0.2563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutoring-schools","display_name":"tutoring schools","score":0.3786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-education-expenditure","display_name":"parental education expenditure","score":0.3139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-school-fees","display_name":"private school fees","score":0.2335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-tutoring","display_name":"English tutoring","score":0.2001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-education-expenditure","display_name":"family education expenditure","score":0.3368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-education-market","display_name":"private education market","score":0.2491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-fever","display_name":"education fever","score":0.2464}],"legacy_keywords":"Shadow Education; Private Tutoring; Supplementary Tutoring; Education Demand; Inequality; Schooling System; Cross-National Comparison; Parental Involvement; Academic Achievement; Policy Responses","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T13566","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_education"},"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"siblings":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11648","display_name":"Diaspora, migration, transnational identity"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11977","display_name":"Technology Use by Older Adults"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12011","display_name":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12393","display_name":"Workplace Spirituality and Leadership"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12462","display_name":"Elder Abuse and Neglect"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12563","display_name":"History and Politics in Latin America"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12629","display_name":"Island Studies and Pacific Affairs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12783","display_name":"Migration, Aging, and Tourism Studies"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12842","display_name":"Youth, Drugs, and Violence"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13053","display_name":"SMEs Development and Digital Marketing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13460","display_name":"Historical Studies in Latin America"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13492","display_name":"Science, Technology, and Education in Latin America"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13618","display_name":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13784","display_name":"Jewish Identity and Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13839","display_name":"Tourism, Volunteerism, and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13927","display_name":"Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13956","display_name":"Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nepal"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14070","display_name":"Knowledge Societies in the 21st Century"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14119","display_name":"Agricultural and Environmental Management"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14241","display_name":"Evasion and Academic Success Factors"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14292","display_name":"Migration, Policy, and Dickens Studies"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14458","display_name":"Education and Work Dynamics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14466","display_name":"Migration, Health, Geopolitics, Historical Geography"}],"works_count":11063,"cited_by_count":38926,"works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T13566","updated_date":"2026-10-16T03:01:39","created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:19"}