{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shell-formation","display_name":"shell formation","description":"Shell formation is the biological process by which animals produce and mineralize shells, including their growth and regeneration.","display_name_alternatives":["formation of shells","shell biogenesis"],"ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shell-formation","wikidata":null},"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11278","display_name":"Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition","score":0.3598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11278","display_name":"Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition","score":0.3598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12806","display_name":"Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses","score":0.1003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11088","display_name":"Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies","score":0.0873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"works_count":1881,"cited_by_count":32631,"works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=keywords.id:keywords/shell-formation","updated_date":"2026-10-16T04:06:51","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}
