{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"description":"quadratic fractional programming problem","works_count":8599,"cited_by_count":103647,"summary_stats":null,"ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","mag":null,"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilevel_optimization","umls_aui":null,"umls_cui":null},"image_url":null,"image_thumbnail_url":null,"international":{},"ancestors":null,"related_concepts":null,"counts_by_year":null,"works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=concepts.id:3309286","updated_date":"2026-07-23T04:02:52","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}